Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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with Rims of each Side, a ninth Part of its
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Breadth, which is call'd a Gutter-tile; the
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other round, like Greaves, (a Piece of Armour
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for the Legs,) which is called a Ridge-tile;
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both broader in that Part which is to receive
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the Rain, and narrower in that from which
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they are to diſcharge it. </
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>But the Plain, or
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Gutter-tiles are the moſt Commodius, pro
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vided they are laid exactly even, ſo as not to
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lean of either Side, nor to make either Vallies
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or Hilocks to ſtop the Current of the Water,
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or to let it ſettle in, nor to leave any Cranny
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uncover'd. </
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>If the Superficies of the Roof is
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very large, it requires bigger Gutter-tiles, that
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the Rain may not overflow them for want of
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a ſufficient Receptacle. </
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>To prevent the Fury
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of the Wind from ripping off the Tiles, I
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would have them all faſtened with Mortar;
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eſpecially in publick Buildings: But in private
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Ones, it will be enough if you ſecure only the
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Gutter-tiles from that Violence, becauſe what
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ever Miſchief is done, is eaſily repair'd. </
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>There
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is another very convenient Way of Tiling, in
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this Manner: If in Timber Roofs, inſtead of
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Planks, you lay along the Girders Squares of
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baked Clay, faſten'd with Plaiſter of
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Paris,
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and
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over theſe Squares lay your Tiles with Mortar,
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it will be a Covering very ſecure againſt Fire,
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and very commodious to the Inhabitants; and
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it will be leſs expenſive, if, inſtead of Squares,
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you underlay it with Reeds, bound with Mor
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tar. </
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>I would not have you uſe your Tiles,
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and eſpecially thoſe which you lay with Mor
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tar, in publick Works, till they have ſupported
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the Froſt and Sun two Years; becauſe, if you
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happen to uſe any bad ones, there is no taking
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them out again without a good deal of
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Trouble and Expence. </
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>It may not be amiſs
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here to mention what I have read in
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Diodorus
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the Hiſtorian, relating to the famous hanging
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Gardens in
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Syria,
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which were contrived with
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a new, and not unuſeful Invention: For upon
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the Beams they laid Ruſhes dawb'd over with
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Pitch, and on theſe two Rows of baked
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Bricks, one above the other, cemented with
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Mortar; and in the third Place, they laid
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Plates of Lead ſo diſpoſed, and faſten'd to
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gether, that not the leaſt wet could penetrate
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to the Brick.</
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>CHAP. XVI.</
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Of Pavements according to the Opinion of
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Pliny
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and
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Vitruvius,
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and the Works
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of the Ancients; and of the proper Seaſons for Beginning and Finiſhing
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the ſeveral Parts of Building.
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<
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>We come now to treat of Pavements,
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which alſo partake ſomewhat of the
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Nature of Coverings. </
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<
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>Of theſe, ſome are
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open to the Air; others are laid upon Rafters
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and Boards, others not: All require for their
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Foundation a ſolid, and even Superficies, laid
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exactly according to their proper Lines. </
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<
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>Thoſe
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which are open to the Air ought to be raiſed
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in ſuch a Manner, that every ten Foot may
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have a Declivity of, at leaſt, two Inches, to
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throw off the Water, which ought to be con
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veyed from thence either into Ciſterns or
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Sinks. </
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>If from theſe Sinks you have not the
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Conveniency of a Drain, either into the Sea,
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or ſome River, dig Pits for the Soil in conve
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nient Places, ſo deep as to come to ſome Spring
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of Water, and then fill up thoſe Pits with
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round Pebbles.</
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>LASTLY, if you have no Opportunity to
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do this, make good large Sinks, and fling
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Coals into them, and then fill them up with
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Sand, which will ſuck up, and dry away the
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ſuperfluous Moiſture. </
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>If the Superficies that
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your Pavement is to be laid upon, is a ſoft
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looſe Earth, ram it ſoundly, and lay it over
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with broken Fragments of Stone, well beat in
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with the Rammer alſo: But if the Pavement
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is to be upon Rafters, cover them over with
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Boards, and upon them lay your Rubbiſh or
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Fragments of Stone a Foot high, and beaten
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together, and conſolidated with the Rammer.
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<
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>Some are of Opinion, that under theſe we
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ought to lay Fern, or Spart, to keep the Mor
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tar from rotting the Timber. </
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<
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>If your Rub
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biſh is of new Stone, allow one Part of Mortar
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to three of Rubbiſh; if it is of old, you muſt
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allow two Parts in five; and when it is laid,
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the Way to ſtiffen it, is to pound it heartily
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with the Rammer. </
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<
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>Over theſe you lay a
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Plaiſter ſix Inches high, made of broken
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Tiles, or Bricks pounded, mix'd with one
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fourth Part of Mortar; and upon this, laſtly,
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you lay your Pavement, of whatſoever Sort it
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is, whether of Brick or Tile, exactly by Rule </
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