Alberti, Leone Battista
,
Architecture
,
1755
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and Level. </
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<
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>The Work will be more ſecure
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ſtill, if between the Rubbiſh, and the Plaiſter
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you lay a Row of plain Tiles cemented with
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Mortar, mixed up with Oil. </
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<
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>As for Pave
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ments which are not to be expoſed to the open
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Air.
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Varro
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directs us to make them in the
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following Manner, which he tells us will be
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very ſerviceable by means of its extraordinary
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Dryneſs: Dig two Foot deep into the Ground,
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then ram the Bottom ſoundly, and lay a Pave
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ment, either of Rubbiſh, or broken Brick,
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leaving Vent-holes for the Vapours to diſcharge
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themſelves; over this lay Coals well levell'd,
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and ramm'd down, and over all a Cruſt made
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of Sand, Mortar, and Aſhes. </
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<
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>Theſe Things
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already mention'd, we have gathered from
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Pliny
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and
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Vitruvius
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eſpecially: I will now ſet
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down what I have with great Pains and Labour
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diſcovered relating to Pavements from the
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actual Works of the Ancients; from whence,
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I conſeſs, I have learnt much more than from
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their Writings. </
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<
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>We will begin with the Out
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ward Shell, which it is very difficult to make,
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ſo as it ſhall not rot, or crack: For when once
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it has been thoroughly ſoak'd with wet, and
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comes to dry again, either by Sun, or Wind,
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it dries by Scales, and as we ſee in Mud left
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after Floods, the upper Coat ſhrinks, and
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leaves Cracks which cannot be filled up; for
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thoſe Parts which are dried and hardened,
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cannot be made to cohere again by any Art
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whatſoever, and thoſe which are ſtill moiſt,
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yield and give Way to the leaſt Violence. </
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<
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>I
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find the Ancients made their Shell either of
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baked Earth, or of Stone; and where Mens
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Feet were not to tread, they made their Tiles
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ſometimes a Foot and a half every Way, ce
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mented with Mortar mixed up with Oil; we
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alſo ſometimes meet with ſmall Bricks one
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Inch in Thickneſs, two in Breadth, and four in
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Length, join'd Sideways like a Fiſh's Back
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bone. </
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<
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>We often find Pavements of very large
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Slabs of Marble, and others again of ſmaller
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Pieces, and little Squares. </
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<
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>There are other An
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cient Pavements made all of one Piece, which
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I ſuppoſe, was a Mixture of Lime, Sand, and
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pounded Brick, of each a third Part: which
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may be made more ſtrong and laſting yet, by
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the Addition of one fourth Part of
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Tyber
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Stone, beat to Powder. </
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<
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>Others in this Sort of
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Plaiſter mightily commend the Sand of
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Poz
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zuolo,
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which they call
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Rapillo.
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<
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> Plaiſter that is
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deſigned for Pavements muſt be tried by con
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tinual beating, whereby it will daily acquire
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greater Stiffneſs and Hardneſs, till it comes to be
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in a Manner firmer than Stone itſelf. And it
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is certain, that if this Plaiſter is ſprinkled with
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Lime-water, and Linſeed-oil, it will grow
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almoſt as hard as Glaſs, and deſy all Manner of
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Weather. </
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<
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>Mortar worked up with Oil, is ſaid
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in Pavements to keep out every Thing that is
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noxious. </
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<
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>Under the Shell I obſerve they made
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a Layer of Mortar, and ſmall Pieces of broken
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Brick, of the Thickneſs of two or three Inches.
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</
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<
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>Next to this we find a Courſe of Rubbiſh, of
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Bits of Bricks and Chippings of Stone, ſuch as
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the Maſons cut off with their Chizzel, and this
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is about a Foot in Thickneſs. </
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<
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>In ſome Places
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betwixt theſe two Courſes, we find a regular
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one of baked Tile, or Brick, and at the Bottom
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of all a Layer of Stones, none bigger than a
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Man's Fiſt. </
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<
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>The Stones found in Rivers,
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which are called Male ones, as for Inſtance,
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thoſe round ones which partake of the Nature
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of Flint, or Glaſs, grow dry immediately when
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they are taken out of the Water, whereas Brick
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and ordinary Stone retain Moiſture a long
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Time; for which Reaſon, many affirm that the
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Damps which ariſe out of the Earth will never
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be able to penetrate to the Shell of the Pave
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ment, if it is underlaid with thoſe Stones. </
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<
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>We
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ſometimes find that they made little ſquare
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Pilaſters a Foot and a half high next to the
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Ground, ſtanding about two Foot diſtance one
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from the other, upon which they laid baked
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Tiles, and upon theſe the Pavement above
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mention'd. </
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<
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>But this Kind of Pavement belongs
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chiefly to Baths; of which we ſhall treat in
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their proper Place. </
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<
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>Pavements delight in
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Damps, and a wet Air, while they are making,
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and endure beſt and longeſt in moiſt and ſhady
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Places; and their chief Enemies are the Looſe
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neſs of the Earth, and ſudden Droughts. </
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<
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>For
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as repeated Rains make the Ground cloſe and
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firm, ſo Pavements being heartily wetted, grow
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compact, and hard as Iron. </
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<
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>That Part of the
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Pavement which is to receive the Water falling
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from the Gutters, ought to be made of the
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largeſt and ſoundeſt Stones, ſuch as will not
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eaſily be worn away by the continual Malice
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(if we may ſo call it) of the Spouts that fall
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upon them. </
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<
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>In ſuch Pavements as are laid
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upon Timber-work, or Roofing, you muſt take
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Care that the Ribs upon which it reſts are
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ſufficiently ſtrong, and equal one to the other;
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for if it ſhould be otherwife, or one Wall, or
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Rafter which it lies upon, ſhould be ſtronger
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than another, the Pavement would decay and
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ſplit in that Part; for as Timber-work will
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not always keep exactly in the ſame Condition, </
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