Ibn-al-Haitam, al-Hasan Ibn-al-Hasan; Witelo; Risner, Friedrich, Opticae thesavrvs Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nunc primùm editi. Eivsdem liber De Crepvscvlis & Nubium ascensionibus. Item Vitellonis Thuvringopoloni Libri X. Omnes instaurati, figuris illustrati & aucti, adiectis etiam in Alhazenum commentarijs, a Federico Risnero, 1572

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[Item 1.]
[2.] Optic ae THE SAVRVS. ALHAZENI ARABIS libri ſeptem, nuncprimùm editi. EIVSDEM liber DE CREPVSCVLIS & Nubium aſcenſionibus. ITEM VITELLONIS THVRINGOPOLONI LIBRI X. Omnes inſtaurati, figuris illuſtrati & aucti, adiectis etiam in Alhazenum commentarijs, A' Federico Risnero.
[3.] Cum priuilegio Cæſareo & Regis Galliæ ad ſexennium BASILE AE, PER EPISCOPIOS. M D LXXII.
[4.] Triplicis uiſus, directi, reflexi & refracti, de quo optica diſputat, ar-gumenta.
[5.] FEDERICI RISNE-RI IN ALHAZENI ARABIS OPTICAM PRAEFATIO A D IL LVSTRISSIMAM REGINAM CA-tharinam Mediceam, matrem regis Galliæ Caroli noni.
[6.] CANDIDO LECTORI
[7.] ALHAZEN FILII ALHAYZEN OPTICAE LIBER PRIMVS.
[8.] QVOD LVX PER SE, ET COLORES ILLVMINATI OPE-renturin uiſum aliquam operationem. Cap. 1. 1. Lux per ſe, & color illuminat{us} feriunt oculos. Vitell. in hypotheſ. 6. 16 p 3.
[9.] QVOD LVX VEHEMENS OCCVLTAT QVAEDAM VI-ſibilia quæ lux debilis manifeſtat: & contrà. Cap. 2. 2. Lux uehemens obſcur at quædam uiſibilia, quæ lux debilis illuſtrat: & contrà. 28. 97. 109. 150. 155. 156 p 4.
[10.] QVOD COLORES CORPORVM DIVERSIFICENTVR APVD VI-ſum ſecundum diuerſitatem lucium ordentium ſuper ipſos. Cap. 3. 3. Color uariatur pro lucis qualitate. 1 p 3.
[11.] DE COMPOSITIONE OCVLI, FORMA ET SI-tu. Caput quartum. 4. Ortus & principium oculi exiſtit è cerebro: & conſtat è tribus humori-bus & quatuor tunicis. 4 p 3.
[12.] 5. In toti{us} oculi ſeu motu ſeu quiete, ſit{us} partium ſtabilis permanet. 25 p 3.
[13.] 6. Ocul{us} tot{us} & ſpher a uuea centris differunt: & oculi centrum ect alti{us}. 8 p 3.
[14.] 7. Rect a connectens centra ſphær arum corneæ & uueæ, continuata tranſit per centrum for aminis uueæ, & medium caui nerui optici. 9 p 3.
[15.] 8. Centrum ſphæræ uueæ eſt inferi{us} centris reliquarum oculi partium. 8 p 3.
[16.] 9. Recta connectẽs centra ſphærarũ cryſtallinæ & uueæ, cõtinuata cadit in centrũ circuli cõglutinãtis cryſtallinã & uitreã ſphær {as} cũ uuea: & eſt ad ipſum perpendicularis. 10 p 3.
[17.] 10. Centrum ſphæræ cryſtallinæ alti{us} eſt centro ſphæræ uitreæ. 11 p 3.
[18.] 11. Rect a connectens centra ſphær arum & uueæ, continuata cadit in centrum ui-treæ, & medium cauinerui optici. 12 p 3.
[19.] 12. Centra ſphær arum toti{us} oculi, cryſtallinæ, utriuſ ſuperficiei corneæ, & con-uexæ humoris albuginei, eſt unum punctum. 7 p 3.
[20.] 13. In toti{us} oculi ſeu motu ſeu quiete ſit{us} partium ſtabilis permanet. 25 p 3. Idem 9 n.
[21.] DE QVALITATE VISIONIS, ET AB ILLA DE-pendentibus. Cap. 5. 14. Viſio fit radijs à uiſibili extrinſec{us} ad uiſum manantib{us}. 6 p 3.
[22.] 15. Viſ{us} è ſingulis ſuæ ſuperficiei punctis ſingula uiſibilis punct a uidet. 17. 18 p 3.
[23.] 16. Humor cryſtallin{us} eſt præcipuum organum facult atis opticæ. 4. 18 p 3.
[24.] 17. Lux perpendicularis penetr at per qualibet diuerſa media: obliqua refringitur. 42. 43. 44. 45. 47 p 2.
[25.] 18. Viſio diſtincta fit rectis lineis à uiſibili ad ſuperficiem uiſ{us} perpẽdicularibus. Ita ſin-gula uiſibilis punct a eundem obtinent ſitum in ſuperficie uiſ{us}, quem in uiſibili. 17 p 3.
[26.] 19. Viſio fit per pyramidem, cui{us} uertex eſt in uiſu, baſis in uiſibili. 18. 21. 22 p 3.
[27.] 20. Oculus & ſphæra cryſtallina habent idem centrum. 7 p 3. Idem 12 n.
[28.] 21. Viſibile uiſui oppoſitum uidetur. 2 p 3.
[29.] 22. Viſibile per medium perſpicuum uidetur. 13 p 3.
[30.] 23. Viſio non fit radijs à uiſu emißis. s p 3.
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          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s312" xml:space="preserve">
              <pb o="2" file="0008" n="8" rhead="ALHAZEN"/>
            nocte obſcurus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s313" xml:space="preserve"> cum ergo aer fuerit obſcurus, nos uidemus ſtellas:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s314" xml:space="preserve"> cum autem illuminatus fue-
              <lb/>
            rit aer medius inter uiſum noſtrum & ſtellas, latebunt nos ſtellæ.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s315" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſimiliter ſi aſpiciens nocte
              <lb/>
            aſpexerit in loco luminoſo lumine ignis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s316" xml:space="preserve"> & fuerit lumen ignis extenſum ſuper terram:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s317" xml:space="preserve"> & fuerint in
              <lb/>
            illo loco uiſibilia ſubtilia, aut uiſibilia, in quibus ſunt res ſubtiles:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s318" xml:space="preserve"> & fuerint in aliqua umbra, ſed nõ
              <lb/>
            forti:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s319" xml:space="preserve"> & non fuerit ignis medius inter illa uiſibilia & uiſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s320" xml:space="preserve"> & comprehenderit tunc aſprciens illa ui
              <lb/>
            ſibilia, & res ſubtiles, quæ ſuntin eis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s321" xml:space="preserve"> deinde moueatur à ſuo loco, donec ſit ignis medius inter illa
              <lb/>
            uiſibilia & ſuum uiſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s322" xml:space="preserve"> tunc illa uiſibilia latebunt ipſum, ſi fuerint ſubtilia, uel ſubtilia, quæ in eis
              <lb/>
            ſunt, & ferè non comprehendet ipſa, cum ignis fuerit medius inter uiſum ſuum & ipſa uiſibilia:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s323" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi
              <lb/>
            cooperiatur ignis a uiſu ſuo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s324" xml:space="preserve"> comprehendet ſtatim uiſibilia illa, quæ latebant ipſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s325" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi auferatur
              <lb/>
            coopertorium inter uiſum ſuum & ignem:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s326" xml:space="preserve"> latebunt ipſum iterum illa uiſibilia.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s327" xml:space="preserve"> Iſtæ ergo diſpoſitio-
              <lb/>
            nes ſignificant, quòd luces fortes orientes ſuper uiſum & ſuper aerem inter oculum & rem uiſam,
              <lb/>
            prohibent uiſum à comprehenſione quorundam uiſibilium, quorum luces ſunt debiles.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s328" xml:space="preserve"> Et iterum,
              <lb/>
            quando aſpiciens aſpexerit corpus terſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s329" xml:space="preserve"> & fuerint in illo corpore ſculpturæ ſubtiles:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s330" xml:space="preserve"> & non fue-
              <lb/>
            rint illæ ſculpturæ diuerſorum colorum à colore corporis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s331" xml:space="preserve"> & fuerit aſpiciens in loco temperatæ lu-
              <lb/>
            cis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s332" xml:space="preserve"> deinde oppoſitum fuerit corpus illud ſoli aut parieti illuminato lumine forti:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s333" xml:space="preserve"> reflectetur ab eo
              <lb/>
            aliqua lux ad uiſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s334" xml:space="preserve"> & inueniet aſpiciens lucem apparentem in ſuperficie corporis, & in loco, à que
              <lb/>
            reflectitur lux, fortiorem, & magis ſcintillantem:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s335" xml:space="preserve"> & in iſta diſpoſitione ſi inſpiciens fuerit intuitus
              <lb/>
            illud corpus terſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s336" xml:space="preserve"> non uidebit in eo aliquam ſculpturam ex ſculpturis, quæ funt in loco lucis for
              <lb/>
            tis, & ſcintillátis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s337" xml:space="preserve"> deinde ſi inſpiciens declinauerit illud corpus ab illo loco, ita ut reflexio ſiat ad a-
              <lb/>
            lium locũ, extra locum uiſus ſui, & fuerit præterea ſuper corpus illud lux temperata:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s338" xml:space="preserve"> tunc inſpiciẽs
              <lb/>
            cõprehendet ſculpturas, quæ ſuntin eo, quas prius non comprehendebat in reflexione lucis à cor-
              <lb/>
            pore ad ſuum uiſum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s339" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſimiliter, quando lux reflectetur à paginaterſa, in qua ſunt ſculpturæ ſubti-
              <lb/>
            les ad uiſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s340" xml:space="preserve"> non diſtinguet uiſus illas ſculpturas necuerificabit, donec ſit lux reflexa ad uiſum ab
              <lb/>
            illa pagina:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s341" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi declinetur ſuperficies paginæ, ita ut ſitus eius mutetur, & non reflectatur ab ea lux
              <lb/>
            ad uiſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s342" xml:space="preserve"> cõprehendet tunc uiſus illas ſculpturas, & diſtinguet.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s343" xml:space="preserve"> Et iterum quando ignis debilis fue
              <lb/>
            rit in lumine debili:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s344" xml:space="preserve"> apparebit & comprehẽdetur à uiſu:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s345" xml:space="preserve"> & cum fuerit in lumine ſolis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s346" xml:space="preserve"> apparebit cor-
              <lb/>
            pus, in quo eſt, denſum, coloratũ colore ſcintillante forti:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s347" xml:space="preserve"> & tũ ſi fuerit prope illud corpus, aliquod
              <lb/>
            corpus albũ claræ albedinis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s348" xml:space="preserve"> & fuerit corpus illud in umbra & luce debili:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s349" xml:space="preserve"> apparebit ſuper ipſum co
              <lb/>
            lor corporis illius, ſicut narrauimus ſuperius:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s350" xml:space="preserve"> deinde ſi moueatur illud corpus album, donec ſit in
              <lb/>
            lumine ſolis, latebit iam ille color, qui eſt in eo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s351" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi reducatur ad umbram:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s352" xml:space="preserve"> apparebit color ille ful-
              <lb/>
            gens, qui eſt in ipſo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s353" xml:space="preserve"> & apparebit color ille ſuper ipſum in luce forti, & apud latitationẽ coloris, qui
              <lb/>
            eſt ſuper ipſum, ſi obumbretur corpore denſo:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s354" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi maneat in ſuo loco, donec debilitetur lux, quæ
              <lb/>
            eſt ſuper ipſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s355" xml:space="preserve"> apparebit color, qui eſt ſuper ipſum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s356" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi auferatur corpus obũbrãs, donec uigore
              <gap/>
            -
              <lb/>
            cat lux ſuper corpus album:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s357" xml:space="preserve"> latebit color, qui eſt ſuper ipſum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s358" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſimiliter quãdo admouerimus cor-
              <lb/>
            pus diaphanum coloratum colore ſcintillante, igni uehementer forti:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s359" xml:space="preserve"> & admouerimus umbræ il-
              <lb/>
            lius corporis pannũ album:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s360" xml:space="preserve"> apparebit color illius corporis diaphani ſuper illum pannum, ſicut nar-
              <lb/>
            rauimus prius:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s361" xml:space="preserve"> deinde ſi admouerimus illi panno alium ignem, ita ut lux eius oriatur ſuper illũ pan
              <lb/>
            num:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s362" xml:space="preserve"> latebit ille color, qui apparebat ſuper pannum, & non apparebit niſi albedo panni tantum:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s363" xml:space="preserve"> &
              <lb/>
            ſi auferamus illum ignem, ſecundus apparebit color ſuper pannum.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s364" xml:space="preserve"> Et iterum quædam animalia
              <lb/>
            marina habent conchas & teſtas, & cum fuerint in loco obſcuro, in quo non eſtlux, apparebuntillę
              <lb/>
            conchæ quaſi ignis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s365" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi aſpiciens inſpexerit illas in luce diei uelignis, comprehendet eas, & non
              <lb/>
            uidebit in eis lumen uel aliquem ignem.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s366" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſimiliter, quando animal, quod dicitur noctiluca, uo-
              <lb/>
            lat de nocte, apparet quaſi lampas, & cum aſpiciens inſpexerit illud in luce diei uel in luce ignis, ap
              <lb/>
            parebit animal ſine igne.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s367" xml:space="preserve"> Significant ergo omnes iſtæ diſpoſitiones, quas declarauimus, quòd lu-
              <lb/>
            ces fortes uifibilium, aliquando occultantres, quæ ſuntin quibuſdam uiſibilibus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s368" xml:space="preserve"> & quòd luces de-
              <lb/>
            biles aliquando manifeſtant quafdam res, quæ ſunt in quibuſdam uiſibilibus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s369" xml:space="preserve"> Et iterum uiſum mul
              <lb/>
            toties latent quædam res, quę funt inuiſibiles ex ſculpturis & ſcripturis ſubtilibus, quando fuerint
              <lb/>
            in locis obſcuris uel in lucibus debilibus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s370" xml:space="preserve"> & ſi extrahantur ad loca luminoſa fortis luminis, uel po-
              <lb/>
            nantur in luce ſolis:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s371" xml:space="preserve"> appare buntres, quæ ſunt in eis, quæ latebant in locis & lucibus debilibus.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s372" xml:space="preserve"> Et
              <lb/>
            ſimiliter ſculpturarum ſubtilium comprehenſiones nequit uiſus comprehendere in locis obſcuris
              <lb/>
            & lucibus debilibus:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s373" xml:space="preserve"> & cum extrahuntur ad luces fortes, comprehenduntur à uiſu.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s374" xml:space="preserve"> Significatur er-
              <lb/>
            go per hanc diſputationem, quòd luces fortes maniſeſtant multas res uiſibiles, & quòd luces debi-
              <lb/>
            les occultant multas res uiſibiles.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s375" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="echoid-div10" type="section" level="0" n="0">
          <head xml:id="echoid-head29" xml:space="preserve">QVOD COLORES CORPORVM DIVERSIFICENTVR APVD VI-
            <lb/>
          ſum ſecundum diuerſitatem lucium ordentium ſuper ipſos. Cap. 3.</head>
          <head xml:id="echoid-head30" xml:space="preserve" style="it">3. Color uariatur pro lucis qualitate. 1 p 3.</head>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s376" xml:space="preserve">ET iterum inuenimus, quod colores corporum denſorum coloratorum coloribus ſcintillan-
              <lb/>
            tibus, ſicut Lazuleis, uinoſis & cœleſtib.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s377" xml:space="preserve"> quádo ipſa fuerint in locis obſcuris & lucibus debili
              <lb/>
            bus, apparent turbidi, & cum fuerint in luce forti, apparent colores eorum ſcintillantes & cla
              <lb/>
            ri:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s378" xml:space="preserve"> & quanto magis augmentabitur lux ſuperipſa, tanto magis augmentabitur ſuper ipſa ſcintil-
              <lb/>
            lantis coloris claritas.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s379" xml:space="preserve"> Et ſi fuerit aliquod iſtorum corporum in loco obſcuro:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s380" xml:space="preserve"> & non fuerit in eo niſi
              <lb/>
            lux parua ualde:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s381" xml:space="preserve"> apparebit illud corpus obſcurum, & non diſtinguet uiſus colorem eius, & uidebi
              <lb/>
            tur quaſi niger:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s382" xml:space="preserve"> & cum extrahitur ad loca luminoſa lumine forti:</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s383" xml:space="preserve"> apparebit color eius, & diſtingue-
              <lb/>
            </s>
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