Castelli, Benedetto, Of the mensuration of running waters, 1661

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              do think that it is abſolutely impoſſible to make this enquiry, and
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              will ſay unto me,
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              Quis menſus eſt pugillo aquas, & terram palmo
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              ponderavit
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              ? </s>
              <s>Yet nevertheleſs I will propound a way whereby,
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              at leaſt in groſs, one may find out the ſame.</s>
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              <s>Take a Veſſel of Cylindrical Figure, holding two barrels of
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              water, or thereabouts; and then fill it with the water of
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              Brent,
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              at its Mouth or Fall into the Lake; but in the Lake at the time
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              that the
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              Brent
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              runneth muddy, and after it hath begun to run
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              muddy for eight or ten hours, to give the mud time to go as far
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              as S.
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              Nicolo,
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              to iſſue into the Sea; and at the ſame time take
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              another Veſſel, like, and equal to the firſt, and fill it with the wa­
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              ter of the Lake towards S.
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              Nicolo,
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              (but take notice that this ope­
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              ration ought to be made at the time when the waters go out,
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              and when the Sea is calm) and then, when the waters ſhall have
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              ſetled in the aforeſaid Veſſels, take out the clear water, and con­
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              ſider the quantity of Sand that remains behind, and let it be ſet
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              down, or kept in mind: And I am eaſily induced to think, that
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              that ſhall be a greater quantity of Sand which ſhall be left in the
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              firſt Veſſel, than that left in the ſecond Veſſel. </s>
              <s>Afterwards
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              when the
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              Brent
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              ſhall come to be clear, let both the operations be
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              repeated, and obſerve the quantity of Sand in the aforeſaid Veſ­
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              ſels; for if the Sand in the firſt Veſſel ſhould be moſt, it would
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              be a ſign, that in the revolution of a year the
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              Brent
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              would depoſe
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              Sand in the Lake: And in this manner one may calculate to a
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              ſmall matter what proportion the Sand that entreth into the Lake,
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              hath to that which remains: And by that proportion one may
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              judge how expedient it ſhall be for publick benefit. </s>
              <s>And if at
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              ſeveral times of the year you carefully repeat the ſame operati­
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              ons, or rather obſervations, you would come to a more exact
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              knowledge in this buſineſs: And it would be good to make the
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              ſaid operations at thoſe times, when the Lake is diſturbed by
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              ſtrong high Winds, and made muddy by its own Mud, raiſed by
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              the commotion of the Waters.</s>
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              <s>This notion would give us great light, if the ſame obſervations
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              ſhould be made towards the Mouth of
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              Lio,
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              at ſuch time as the
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              waters flow and ebb, in calm ſeaſons; for ſo one ſhould come to
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              know whether the waters of the Lake are more thick at the going
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              out, than at the entrance. </s>
              <s>I have propounded the foregoing
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              way of meaſuring Sands and Mud, to ſhew that we are not ſo
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              generally, and inconſiderately to pronounce any ſentence, but
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              proceed to ſtricter inquiries, and then deliberate what ſhall be
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              moſt expedient to be done. </s>
              <s>Others may propoſe more exqui­
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              ſite examinations, but this ſhall ſerve me for the preſent.</s>
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              <s>I will add onely, that if any one had greater curioſity (it would
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              be profitable to have it) in inveſtigating more exactly the quan­</s>
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