Castelli, Benedetto, Of the mensuration of running waters, 1661

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              <s>
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              the fury of the South, and South-Weſt-Winds carryed ſuch
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              abundance of ſand into the Mouth, or Out-let of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume morto,
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
                <lb/>
              that it wholly ſtopt it up: eſpecially when the waters on
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Piſa
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
                <lb/>
              ſide were low and ſhallow, And they think, that turning the
                <lb/>
              Lake of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume morto
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              into
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Serchio,
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              and the
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Serchio
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              maintaining
                <lb/>
              continually its own Mouth with the force of its waters open to the
                <lb/>
              Sea, and conſequently alſo
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume morto,
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              they would have had the
                <lb/>
              Out-let clear and open; and in this manner they think, that the
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              Plain of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Piſa
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              would have been freed from the waters. </s>
              <s>The bu­
                <lb/>
              ſineſs paſſeth for current, at firſt ſight; but experience proveth
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              the contrary, and Reaſon confirmeth the ſame: For the height
                <lb/>
              of the water of thoſe Plains, was regulated by the height of the
                <lb/>
              waters in the Mouth of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume morto
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              ; that is, The waters at the
                <lb/>
              Mouth being high, the waters alſo do riſe in the fields; and when
                <lb/>
              the waters at the Mouth are low, the waters of the fields do like­
                <lb/>
              wiſe abate: Nor is it enough to ſay, That the Out-let or Vent
                <lb/>
              of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume morto
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              is continual, but it muſt be very low: Now if
                <lb/>
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume morto
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              did determine in
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Serchio,
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              it is manifeſt that it
                <lb/>
              would determine high; for
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Serchio
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              terminating in the Sea, when
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              ever it more and more aboundeth with water, and riſeth, it is ne­
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              ceſlary that alſo
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume morto
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              hath its level higher, and conſe­
                <lb/>
              quently ſhall keep the waters in the Plains higher. </s>
              <s>Nay, it hath
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              happened ſometimes (and I ſpeak it upon my own ſight) that
                <lb/>
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume morto
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              hath reverſed its courſe upwards towards
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Piſa
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              ;
                <lb/>
              which caſe will ever happen, whenſoever the
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Piſan
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              waters chance
                <lb/>
              to be lower than the level of thoſe of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Serchio
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              ; for in that caſe
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              the waters of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Serchio
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              return back upon the Plains thorow
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume
                <lb/>
              morto
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              in ſuch ſort, that the Muddineſſes, and the
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Serchio
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              have
                <lb/>
              been obſerved to be carried by this return as farr as the Walls of
                <lb/>
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Piſa
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              ; and then before ſuch time as ſo great waters can be aſ­
                <lb/>
              ſwaged, which come in with great fury, and go out by little and
                <lb/>
              little, there do paſs very many days, and moneths, nay ſome­
                <lb/>
              times one being never able to find the waters of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Serchio,
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
                <lb/>
              when at the ſhalloweſt, ſo low as the Sea in level; (which is the
                <lb/>
              loweſt place of the waters) it thence doth follow, that the wa­
                <lb/>
              ters of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume morto
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              ſhould never at any time of the year, ſo long
                <lb/>
              as they determine in
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Serchio,
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              be ſo low, as they come to be when
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              the ſame
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume morto
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              determineth in the Sea. </s>
              <s>Tis true indeed,
                <lb/>
              that the Mouth of
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Fiume morto,
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              opened into the Sea, is ſubject to
                <lb/>
              the inconvenience of being ſtopt up by the force of Winds: But
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              in this caſe, it is neceſſary to take ſome pains in opening it; which
                <lb/>
              may eaſily be done, by cutting that Sand a little which ſtayeth
                <lb/>
              in the Mouth, after that the Wind is laid; and it is enough if you
                <lb/>
              make a Trench little more than two Palms in breadth; for the
                <lb/>
              water once beginning to run into it, it will in a few hours carry </s>
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