1Bridge, or rather a very long Arch; ſo that
in the Conſtruction of it we ought to obſerve
all the ſame Rules that we have juſt now been
laying down concerning Bridges. The Anci
ents had ſo high a Notion of the Serviceable
neſs of Drains and Sewers, that they beſtowed
no greater Care and Expence upon any Struc
ture whatſoever, than they did upon them; and
among all the wonderful Buildings in the City
of Rome, the Drains are accounted the nobleſt.
I ſhall not ſpend Time to ſhew how many Con
veniences ariſe from good Drains; how clean
they keep the City, and how neat all Buildings
both publick and private, or how much they
conduce to the Clearneſs and Healthineſs of
the Air.
in the Conſtruction of it we ought to obſerve
all the ſame Rules that we have juſt now been
laying down concerning Bridges. The Anci
ents had ſo high a Notion of the Serviceable
neſs of Drains and Sewers, that they beſtowed
no greater Care and Expence upon any Struc
ture whatſoever, than they did upon them; and
among all the wonderful Buildings in the City
of Rome, the Drains are accounted the nobleſt.
I ſhall not ſpend Time to ſhew how many Con
veniences ariſe from good Drains; how clean
they keep the City, and how neat all Buildings
both publick and private, or how much they
conduce to the Clearneſs and Healthineſs of
the Air.
THE City of Smyrna, where Trebonius was
beſieged and relieved by Dolabella, is ſaid to have
been extremely beautiful, both for the Straitneſs
of the Streets, and its many noble Structures;
but not having Drains to receive and carry away
its own Filth, it offended the Inhabitants abo
minable with ill Smells. Siena, a City in Tuſ
cany, not having Drains wants a very great
Help to Cleanlineſs; by which Means the
Town not only ſtinks every Night and Morn
ing, when People throw their Naſtineſs out of
the Windows, but even in the Day Time it is
ſeen lying about the Streets. Drains are of
two Sorts; one carries away the Filth into
ſome River, Lake or Sea; the other is a deep
Hole dug in the Ground, where the Naſtineſs
lies till it is conſumed in the Bowels of the
Earth. That which carries it away, ought
to have a ſmooth ſloping Pavement, ſtrong
compacted, that the Ordure may run off freely,
and that the Structure itſelf may not be rotted
by the Moiſture lying continually ſoaking
upon it. It ſhould alſo lie ſo high above the
River, that no Floods or Tides may fill it with
Mud and choak it up. A Drain that is to
lie open and uncover'd to the Air, need have
no other Pavement but the Ground itſelf; for
the Poets call the Earth Cerberus, and the Phi
loſophers, the Woolf of the Gods, becauſe it de
vours and conſumes every Thing. So that
whatever Filth and Naſtineſs is brought into
it, the Earth rots and deſtroys it, and prevents
its emitting ill Steams. Sinks for the Recep
tion of Urine, ſhould be as far from the Houſe
as poſſible; becauſe the Heat of the Sun makes
it rot and ſmell intolerably. Moreover, I can
not help thinking that Rivers and Canals, eſ
pecially ſuch as are for the Paſſage of Ships,
ought to be included under the Denomination
of Roads; ſince many are of Opinion, that
Ships are nothing but a Sort of Carriages, and
the Sea itſelf no more than a huge Road. But
there is no Neceſſity to ſay any thing more of
theſe in this Place. And if it happens that
the Conveniences we have here treated of, are
not found ſufficient, our Buſineſs is to ſtudy
how to mend the Faults, and make whatever
other Additions are needful: The Method of
doing which, we ſhall ſpeak of in due Time.
beſieged and relieved by Dolabella, is ſaid to have
been extremely beautiful, both for the Straitneſs
of the Streets, and its many noble Structures;
but not having Drains to receive and carry away
its own Filth, it offended the Inhabitants abo
minable with ill Smells. Siena, a City in Tuſ
cany, not having Drains wants a very great
Help to Cleanlineſs; by which Means the
Town not only ſtinks every Night and Morn
ing, when People throw their Naſtineſs out of
the Windows, but even in the Day Time it is
ſeen lying about the Streets. Drains are of
two Sorts; one carries away the Filth into
ſome River, Lake or Sea; the other is a deep
Hole dug in the Ground, where the Naſtineſs
lies till it is conſumed in the Bowels of the
Earth. That which carries it away, ought
to have a ſmooth ſloping Pavement, ſtrong
compacted, that the Ordure may run off freely,
and that the Structure itſelf may not be rotted
by the Moiſture lying continually ſoaking
upon it. It ſhould alſo lie ſo high above the
River, that no Floods or Tides may fill it with
Mud and choak it up. A Drain that is to
lie open and uncover'd to the Air, need have
no other Pavement but the Ground itſelf; for
the Poets call the Earth Cerberus, and the Phi
loſophers, the Woolf of the Gods, becauſe it de
vours and conſumes every Thing. So that
whatever Filth and Naſtineſs is brought into
it, the Earth rots and deſtroys it, and prevents
its emitting ill Steams. Sinks for the Recep
tion of Urine, ſhould be as far from the Houſe
as poſſible; becauſe the Heat of the Sun makes
it rot and ſmell intolerably. Moreover, I can
not help thinking that Rivers and Canals, eſ
pecially ſuch as are for the Paſſage of Ships,
ought to be included under the Denomination
of Roads; ſince many are of Opinion, that
Ships are nothing but a Sort of Carriages, and
the Sea itſelf no more than a huge Road. But
there is no Neceſſity to ſay any thing more of
theſe in this Place. And if it happens that
the Conveniences we have here treated of, are
not found ſufficient, our Buſineſs is to ſtudy
how to mend the Faults, and make whatever
other Additions are needful: The Method of
doing which, we ſhall ſpeak of in due Time.
CHAP. VIII.
Now if there is any other Part of the
City that falls in properly with the Sub
ject of this Book, it is certainly the Haven,
which may be defined a Goal or proper Place
from whence you may begin a Voyage, or
where having performed it you may put an
End to the Fatigue of it, and take Repoſe.
Others perhaps would ſay that a Haven is a Sta
ble for Ships; but let it be what you will, ei
ther a Goal, a Stable, or a Receptacle, it is cer
tain that if the Buſineſs of a Haven is to give a
Reception to Ships out of the Violence of Storms,
it ought to be made in ſuch a Manner as to be
a ſufficient Shelter for that Purpoſe: Let its
Sides be ſtrong and high, and let there be
Room enough for large Veſſels heavy laden to
come in and lie quiet in it. Which Conveni
ences, if they are offered to you by the natu
ral Situation of the Place, you have nothing
more to wiſh for; unleſs, as at Athens where
Thucidides ſays there were three Havens made
by Nature, it ſhould happen that you are
doubtful among ſuch a Number, which to
chuſe. But it is evident from what we have
already ſaid in the firſt Book, that there are
ſome Places where all the Winds cannot be,
and others where ſome actually are continually
troubleſome and dangerous. Let us therefore
City that falls in properly with the Sub
ject of this Book, it is certainly the Haven,
which may be defined a Goal or proper Place
from whence you may begin a Voyage, or
where having performed it you may put an
End to the Fatigue of it, and take Repoſe.
Others perhaps would ſay that a Haven is a Sta
ble for Ships; but let it be what you will, ei
ther a Goal, a Stable, or a Receptacle, it is cer
tain that if the Buſineſs of a Haven is to give a
Reception to Ships out of the Violence of Storms,
it ought to be made in ſuch a Manner as to be
a ſufficient Shelter for that Purpoſe: Let its
Sides be ſtrong and high, and let there be
Room enough for large Veſſels heavy laden to
come in and lie quiet in it. Which Conveni
ences, if they are offered to you by the natu
ral Situation of the Place, you have nothing
more to wiſh for; unleſs, as at Athens where
Thucidides ſays there were three Havens made
by Nature, it ſhould happen that you are
doubtful among ſuch a Number, which to
chuſe. But it is evident from what we have
already ſaid in the firſt Book, that there are
ſome Places where all the Winds cannot be,
and others where ſome actually are continually
troubleſome and dangerous. Let us therefore