Achillini, Alessandro (Achillinus, Alexander), Alexandri Achillini bononiensis De proportionibus motuum quaestio. , 1545

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              proportionem agentis supra </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.16.01">Secundo, videtur quod a minori proportione fiat aeque velox motus: sicut a maiori proportione, quia potentiae inaequales in eodem medio aequaliter movent, quamvis minoretur minor, et maioretur maior, et suppono quod motum in hora a tripla proportione pertransit </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.16.02">Sit medium 100 pedum, cuius medietas superior sit uniformiter difformis ab uno gradu ad duo: gradu ut 2 deorsum existente: et medietas inferior difformis ab octo ad duodecim: gradu ut octo sursum terminato ad gradum, ut 2 et fluat deorsum gradus contactus: ubi ponatur a. grave simplex, ut 17 figurae pyramidalis lenis et politae, et culpis sit sursum: et sit b. praecise similis figurae ibi: non tamen quod se iuvant aut impediant potentiae, ut 16 et fiat a. potentiae, ut 13 et b. potentiae, ut 15 in </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.16.03">Tunc a. et b. aeque velociter moventur cum gradu, ut duo: non enim intrare possunt magnam resistentiam, quae infra est ad gradum, ut duo: neque remanere in resistentia ita parva, sicut supra gradum, ut duo reperitur: patet prima pars, quia tunc moverentur a proportione, minus quam tripla cum illa resistentia, et sic gradus contactus motus a proportione tripla ea attingeret et superaret: patet secunda pars, quia in resistentia minori, tunc maiorem haberent proportionem quam triplam. ergo citius moverentur quam gradus contactus, ergo ipsum praecederent. et sic intrarent resistentiam magnam quod non convenit, quia nimis parva est proportio motorum super eam, est enim minor quam tripla proportio, aqua tripla movetur gradus </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.17.01">Tertio videtur quod a proportione in duplo maiori non provenit in duplo maior motus, probatur. dividat a. potentia ut 9 resistentiam b. medii uniformiter difformem a non gradu ad 8 in hora. fit potentia c. aequalis priori, dividens d. medium uniformiter difforme a 4 ad 8 sit b. bipedale et d. pedale. tunc sic. proportio a. supra b. est dupla ad proportionem c. supra d. quia b. resistit ut 4 et d. ut 6 quia tales sunt gradus medii illarum resistentiarum. sed 9 ad 4 habet proportionem duplam sesquiquartam. quae est dupla ad sesquialteram cadentem inter 9 et 6 et tamen velocitas proveniens ab a. in b. non est dupla ad velocitatem c. in d. quia a. dividit b. in hora, oportet quod c. divideret d. in duobus horis, quod est falsum, quia si d. esset aeque magnum sicut b. cum praecise in duplo plus resistat quam b. c. divideretur praecise in duplo maiori tempore, sed nunc c. est in duplo minus quam tunc. ergo nunc in hora dividitur. si concedis </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.18.01">Contra. dividant potentiae resistentiam ex extremo magis resistenti, tunc aequalis est proportio supra medietatem b. magis resistentem proportioni c. supra d. quia utrunque eorum est aeque magnum, et aequaliter resistens ab 8 usque ad 4 et illae potentiae sunt aequales, et tamen velocitates non sunt aequales, quia in minori tempore dividit a. medietatem b. quam c. dividat d. quia aeque cito dividit a. ipsum b. sicut c. ipsum d. sed prius dividit medietatem quam totum. ergo et </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.19.01">Ad primum. negatur antecedens. ad argumentum tota terra ad imaginationem descendente, possibile est partem toti resistere, hoc vult Averrois secundo caeli, commento </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.19.02">Et Aristoteles pars terrae maior constringit minorem, et infra pars maior vincit minorem, in habendo centrum. ideo Ari. et Averrois tex. et com. 105 partes terrae omnes quaerunt centrum, et pars maxima expellit </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.19.03">Et superior </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.19.04">Idem volunt textu et commento 107 ponentes unum haemisphaerium gravius alio scilicet quod terra quaerit centrum, et sic maior pars in gravitate expellit minorem et secundum proportionem dominii gravioris super minus grave aliis circumscriptis est proportio velocitatis </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.20.01">Contra. sequitur quod simplex dato vacuo posset moveri, patet consequentia, quia ipsum haberet resistentiam intrinsecam. quia una pars resisteret alteri. praesertim dato vacuo circa centrum. et gravi simplici descendenti ad </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.20.02">Item motus simplex ab uno tantum principio causatur, compositus vero a pluribus. uno principio ut declarat Averrois primo caeli commento 7 et </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.20.03">Unde Averrois. tertio caeli commento </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.20.04">Si lapis deorsum pellitur, ibi est motus compositus, aut quasi compositus scilicet ex potentia extrinsecus </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.20.05">Similiter cum immobili est resistentia intrinseca inclinans ad oppositum, ibi motus </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.20.06">Ad propositum gravis descendentis ad centrum motus componitur et cum incipit aliqua pars terrae tangere centrum, incipit motus, et incipit esse compositus. quod si conceditur </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.20.07">Contra sequitur. quod omnis motus caelestis planetarum erit compositus, quia ad ipsum iuxta determinata in libro de orbibus, effective concurrunt duo motores, unus naturalis et intrinsecus orbi. alius vero extrinsecus, et est motor primi </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.20.08">Respondeo oportet motorem reddentem motum esse compositum, esse particularem, et particulariter concurrentem ad motum illum, qui merito illius agentis dicitur motus compositus. modo deus ad motum planetarum universaliter concurrit, et non partialiter neque particulariter, non tamen putandum est motus inferiorem caelorum esse ita undequaque simplices, sicut est motus primi </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.20.09">Naturae enim caelorum contentorum formales sunt aliquo modo compositae, ut in libro de intelligentiis et de orbibus declaravi. ideo proportionabiliter sunt motus aliquo modo </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.21.01">Contra. id quod pars toti resistat adducitur auctoritas ex libro de orbibus quaestione ultima cum ratione ibi posita. quia tunc terra descendente, in infinitum tardaretur motus, quia in infinitum minoraretur proportio partis descendentis supra partem illi </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.22.01">Respondeo. ut ibi consequentia non valet, quia impetus acquiritur, quod si excluditur impetus, aut extrinsecum adiuvans, aut subita motus corruptio, sequitur quod dictum est </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.22.02">Terram autem esse in centro sicut in aequilibri: sic ut undequaque sibi appositum aliquid, faciat terram moveri aut mutari, somnium est imaginarium, quoniam terrae partes sphaericae circumiacentes, quarum centrum est centrum mundi, sunt ita fortis resistentiae quod dixerat Aristoteles et Averrois etiam in libro de substantia orbis capite 5 non possent omnes dii movere totam terram, per deos omnes intellige omnia animalia caelestia, quod tamen dicebatur quod motus simplicis gravis est compositus. negatur. quia semper est a natura simplici, nunquam autem a natura </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.22.03">Ad Averroim de lapide conceditur quod ille motus est quasi compositus. quia concurrunt ibi duo motores particulares bene ponitur ibi dictio distractiva. quia non oportet propter hoc quod fiat ille motus a natura composita. ideo non propter hoc motus ille est vere compositus. sed non sequitur, incipit motor habere resistentiam intrinsecam. ergo motus incipit esse compositus, quia non propter hoc motor incipit esse natura composita, neque propter hoc incipiunt esse duo motores facientes illum motum, neque casus ibi positus est possibilis scilicet remanere centrum et fieri vacuum circa ipsum, quia eo quod centrum est non est vacuum ibi, et ex eo quod vacuum est, non est </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.23.01">Ad secundum. negatur quod istae potentiae in casu ab aequali proportione moveantur, sicut gradus resistentiae progreditur, quia gradus resistentiae uniformiter a proportione tripla movetur ut sequitur ex casu sed non est uniformis illorum mobilium motus, neque aeque velox est motus a. sicut b. sed tardior, quasi igitur saltando fiunt illi motus, quia ab illis mobilibus incipit recedere resistentia, et incipunt illa mobilia accedere ad gradum resistentiae, et utrunque est per remotionem de praesenti. ideo conceditur quod a. immediate post hoc movebitur versus gradum resistentiae ut 8 et immediate post hoc post recedet gradus ut 8 ab a. et cetera.</s>
              <s id="id.0.5.23.02">Computandus est tamen impetus, quia forte tantum auget quod maiorem haberent proportionem quam triplam super resistentia magna, et tunc inaequaliter praecederent potentiae gradum </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.23.03">Si autem impetus addit, sed remanet proportio minor quam tripla super resistentia magna, tunc potentiae non praecederent gradum </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.24.01">Ad tertium multas difficultates petit argumentum, supponit enim communem modum comparandi proportiones, quem nego auctoritate Arist. et Commentatoris. supponit secundo resistentiarum latitudinem uniformiter difformem, vel difformiter difformem, cuius utraque medietas est uniformis gradui medio eiusdem aequivalenter correspondere. quod absolute non est verum, quia dabilis est potentia superans resistentiam medii gradus, quae non superat resistentiam maioris gradus terminantis latitudinem </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.24.02">Supponit tertio in medio difformi qualis est proportio medii ad medium in quantitate, talis sit proportio temporis ad tempus, quod non est verum, nisi caetera fuerint paria respectu virtutis potentis super medio et infatigabilis et </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.24.03">Respondeo igitur quantum erit tempus per quod durabit a. ad dividendum partem resistentiae a non gradu ad 4 tantum excedet tempus motus a. tempus motus </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.24.04">Et erit exempli gratia, tertia pars temporis totius </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.25.01">Quarto principaliter. videtur quod a maiori proportione tardior fiat motus quam a minori. probatur de aqua frigofaciente se. et ponatur piper, cui aqua plus dominetur quam sibi, tunc si non agit aqua in piper, est agens applicitum passo, et non agit et </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.25.02">Si agit aut tardius in piper, aut aeque velociter et sic a proportione maiori provenit minor motus aut </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.25.03">Si velocius, tunc velocius alterabitur non habens inclinationem in terminum alterationis quam habens </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.25.04">Secundo. arguitur. quod ab inaequalibus proportionibus provenit aeque velox </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.25.05">Sit a. calidum ut 6 approximatum b. frigido, et a proportione quadrupla ipsum sibi </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.25.06">Sit calidum c. ut 8 approximatum a. calido, prohibitum agere in passum b. ab a. calido, agens tamen a proportione dupla in a. </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.25.07">Tunc aut a. agit in b. aut </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.25.08">Si non, ergo approximatum agens dissimile, et dominans et naturale non agit et </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.25.09">Si agit, aut velocius quam patiatur, et sic ultra gradum proprium agit, aut aeque velociter sicut patitur, et sic ab inaequalibus proportionibus provenit aeque velox </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.25.10">Si tardius, tunc a minori proportione velocior motus provenit quam a maiori. quae omnia inconvenientia sunt et </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.26.01">Tertio sit a. calidum uniformiter difforme a. 4 ad 8 et compleatur latitudo contrario. tunc infinite modice resistentiae est aliqua pars terminata ad caliditatem ut 8 et finite potentiae est medietas terminata ad 4 ad infrigidandum. ergo frigefit aliqua </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.26.02">Si dicas quod immediate post hoc erit aliqua uniformis in frigido. contra sibi propinquior est una pars quam alia, ergo non potentius resistens. ergo statim erit difformis, ergo passim difforme ab intrinseco non patitur. quia tunc erit controversia continua inter </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.26.03">Et eadem ratione qua calefieret pars, etiam </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.26.04">Ad primum. elementa non alterant se, singula singulis referas, sed cum alterantur, ab extra alterantur, praesertim cum fuerint uniformia, et si sint difformia, etiam agens est extra passum. ut patet ab Averroe in quarto caeli commento </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.27.01">Contra. stat argumentum de mixto, in quo sit complexio aut qualitas virtualis, qua se </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.28.01">Respondeo. neque mixta principium habent alterationis intrinsecum, nisi modo quem declaravi in libro de elementis scilicet motor et motum. licet non sint idem sunt tamen in eodem individuo, licet possibile sit quod extrinsecum agens </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.28.02">Alii non est possibile aquam esse uniformiter calefactam. contra sic sit per divinam potentiam, aut ad </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.28.03">Alii cum incipit aqua reduci, ipsa incipit esse difformis, aqua enim non potest uti frigiditate ad agendum in piper, quin prius eam in se habeat, et quin prius habeat maiorem gradum frigiditatis quam habeat piper, quid pati habet, ideo infinitis alterationibus piper alterabitur. ideo in quolibet instanti est verum quod piper quiescit et </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.28.04">Contra. finita est proportio aquae supra piper, et infinite velox est motus, ergo motus in velocitate non sequitur quantitatem </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.28.05">Alii non est motus quo piper mutatur, sed mutatio </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.28.06">Contra finitum est dominium agentis supra resistentiam, et non finitus est motus, ergo non sequitur velocitas motus proportionem et </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.29.01">Ad secundum. dicunt aliqui requiritur tempus in acquisiti instrumenti applicatione ipsi passo. contra multiplicatio specierum sensibilium est subita, et non requirens tempus, ut dixit Averrois secundo de anima, commento 115 argumentum est ad </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.29.02">Sed dicendum qualitates primas agere, et non per species intentionales in his realibus alterationibus, quia esse intentionale non est medium essentialiter ordinatum inter qualitatem in esse reali et consimilem in esse reali, quia univoca productio est qualitatum primarum, non autem aequivoca. et oportet eas prius agere in medium quam in extremum, ideo non oportet quod si immediate post hoc erit a. forma in b. quod immediate post hoc b. transmutabit passum mediate distans a. </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.29.03">Sed tardius patietur id passum a. b. quam agat </s>
              <s id="id.0.5.29.04">Et istud non est a maiori proportione tardiorem motum provenire, quia talis forma in acquiri non habet tantam proportionem supra passum sicut si ipsa esset in esse quieto. et impressisset in medium in quo passum </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.30.01">Ad tertium principium alterationis potest esse intrinsecum alterato secundum partem, et sic est in mixtis, pars tamen alterans est extra partem </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.31.01">Contra stat argumentum. dico igitur quod gradus praesuppositi sunt esse compossibiles quo stante dico quod non est gravitas totius aut partis, et sic non est ibi actio, quod si supponatur unam partem esse ita potentem quod ipsa possit alterare aliam, tunc permutabitur et </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.32.01">Quinto principaliter arguitur. et primo Sortes cum magno nixu movet manum, tarde tamen, et alias velociter movebit Sortes manum cum nixu parvo. tunc maior potentia tardius movet. quod autem haec sit maior potentia patet. quia maior potentia requiritur ad prohibendum motum manus tarde motae quam ad prohibendum motum manus velociter motae. musca enim quamvis velociter moveatur, faciliter tamen impeditur, et rota currus circa axem, quamvis sit tarde mota, tamen difficulter </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.33.01">Secunda festuca horologii tanta velocitate descendit, sicut pondus horologii, quamvis illi festucae resistat aliquid plusquam resistat ponderi horologii. ut aer. quia festuca pendet extra pondus horologii secundum partem. ut secundum medietatem ut supponitur in </s>
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              <s id="id.0.5.34.01">Tertio sint duae pilae aeque graves positae iuxta duas superficies. quarum pilarum una situetur iuxta superficiem tabulae causantis cum </s>
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