Vitruvius, De architectura libri decem, 1567

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          <div xml:id="echoid-div123" type="section" level="2" n="44">
            <p style="it">
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3305" xml:space="preserve">
                <pb o="36" file="514.01.068" n="68" rhead="LIBER"/>
              ruminatis Babylonis muris. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3306" xml:space="preserve">Vitr. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3307" xml:space="preserve">quoque octaui libri capite tertio bitumine tradit, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3308" xml:space="preserve">latere teſtaceo structo
                <lb/>
              muro Semiramm cinxiſſe Babylonem.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3309" xml:space="preserve">#Erat enim Babylone lacus ampliſſima magnitudine, qui limmi afphaltis
                <lb/>
              appellatur, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3310" xml:space="preserve">habet ſupra natans liquidum bitumen.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3311" xml:space="preserve">#Quid autem ſit bitumen, pix, quid piſaſpaltm, quid
                <lb/>
              ſaxum quadratum, ſilex, cæmentum, dictum eſt ſuo loco. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3312" xml:space="preserve">Deueniam ad noſtrorum temporum rationem, qua
                <lb/>
              inuri, mœiaq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3313" xml:space="preserve">mumiuntur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3314" xml:space="preserve">idq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3315" xml:space="preserve">quàm potero breuiſſime tranſigam.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3316" xml:space="preserve">#Quod autem dictum eſta Vitr. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3317" xml:space="preserve">ſequenti
                <lb/>
              deſcriptione declaratur.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3318" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p style="it">
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3319" xml:space="preserve">Vrbium fabricandarum ratio inuenta est, tum ut homines commode & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3320" xml:space="preserve">bene uiuant, alter enim alterius
                <lb/>
              ope indiget, tum ut ab inſolentibus aliorum iniurijs tuti & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3321" xml:space="preserve">ſecuri ſint.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3322" xml:space="preserve">#Natura enim comparatum est, ut ſe
                <lb/>
              quiſque ſuosq́ quantum potest tueatur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3323" xml:space="preserve">Iniuriæ uero, offenſioneq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3324" xml:space="preserve">uariæ ſunt, ac hominum improbitate
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.068-01" xlink:href="note-514.01.068-01a" xml:space="preserve">10</note>
              omnes repertæ.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3325" xml:space="preserve">#Contra eas defenſionum totidem genera eſse oportet: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3326" xml:space="preserve">nos priuatas omittimus, de publicus
                <lb/>
              & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3327" xml:space="preserve">communibus agimus.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3328" xml:space="preserve">#Vnde commune præceptum illud m primis obſeruandum eſt, mœnia eſſe facienda,
                <lb/>
              urbesq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3329" xml:space="preserve">eſſe muniendas ſecundum tempora, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3330" xml:space="preserve">offenſionum genera.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3331" xml:space="preserve">#Vnde non est quod miremur, ſi alia ra-
                <lb/>
              tione alijs temporibus mœnia, muros, propugnacula, protas, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3332" xml:space="preserve">huiuſmodi alia construimus. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3333" xml:space="preserve">Oportet igitur
                <lb/>
              ita munireurbes, ut qui cas defendunt tutiſint, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3334" xml:space="preserve">ut hoſtes offendi poſſint: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3335" xml:space="preserve">offenduntur autem uel cum a mu-
                <lb/>
              ris longe arcentur, uel cum muris proximi ſunt, prohibentur ne accendant. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3336" xml:space="preserve">hinc neceſſitas illa eſt. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3337" xml:space="preserve">ut ratio-
                <lb/>
              nem habeamus earum rerum, quæ in munitionibus requiruntur, quæ hæc ſunt. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3338" xml:space="preserve">Murus cuius extenſio corti-
                <lb/>
              na ab italis nominatur, Propugnaculum, quod Valoardum uocant, aliàs pro latere ſumitur, Flancum appel-
                <lb/>
              lant. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3339" xml:space="preserve">Foſſa, agger, quihumerus, uel ſpaltus dicitur, Via, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3340" xml:space="preserve">Platea. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3341" xml:space="preserve">De ſingulis ſeparatim dicendum
                <lb/>
              eſt, nam prohibetur host
                <unsure/>
              is aqua, foſſa, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3342" xml:space="preserve">muro: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3343" xml:space="preserve">Arcetur propugnaculis, aggeribus: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3344" xml:space="preserve">defenduntur repu-
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.068-02" xlink:href="note-514.01.068-02a" xml:space="preserve">20</note>
              gnantes iateis, itineribus, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3345" xml:space="preserve">murorum craſsitudine.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3346" xml:space="preserve">#In muris extruendis fundandi ratio habeatur a Vi-
                <lb/>
              cruuio deſumpta.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3347" xml:space="preserve">#Craſſiora enim fundamenta ſunt facienda, quàm murus: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3348" xml:space="preserve">craſsitudo autem amplius ex-
                <lb/>
              terius quàm interius proijciatur, nam cum murus ab humeris aggere impellatur, craſſitudo illa, quæ eſt pro
                <lb/>
              frone id efficit, quod pesin homine erecto, nam ſi ab anteriori parte quis repellatur, facile retrocedet, dire-
                <lb/>
              ctis enim cruribus & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3349" xml:space="preserve">calcaneo non prominente efficitur, ut ſine fulcro cum ſit, facile cadat. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3350" xml:space="preserve">Si uero a tergo
                <lb/>
              protrudatur renitente pede, qui prominet, non dimouebitur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3351" xml:space="preserve">Sic murorum fundamenta, quamuis utrinque craſ
                <lb/>
              ſior a eſſe debeant & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3352" xml:space="preserve">latiora quàm muri, ſitamen pro frone amplius extendantur, idempræstabunt, quod pes
                <lb/>
              in homine.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3353" xml:space="preserve">#Erigendi uerò ſunt muri ſumma diligentia,#præcinctionibusq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3354" xml:space="preserve">cingendi, cordones appellant, ita
                <lb/>
              enun firmiores ſunt: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3355" xml:space="preserve">non laudant aliqui pinnas in muris quas Merlos, aliàs canonieras uocant, quamuis ha-
                <lb/>
              ctenus inuiolabiliter obſeruatæ ſint. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3356" xml:space="preserve">uolunt autem ut opereterreno conficiantur, exaggerenturq́;</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3357" xml:space="preserve">, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3358" xml:space="preserve">com-
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.068-03" xlink:href="note-514.01.068-03a" xml:space="preserve">30</note>
              modiſſime paſſim construcantur, dirig anturq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3359" xml:space="preserve">ad eas partes, è quibus#hoſtis machinarum telis facillime lædi
                <lb/>
              poſſis. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3360" xml:space="preserve">Non ſunt autem faciendi muri altitudine ampla, nam ſi machinis deijciuntur, cum altiſunt rumis, foſ
                <lb/>
              ſas materia implent, atque hostibus tanquaàm gradus faciunt.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3361" xml:space="preserve">#muniuntur autem muri ratione illa. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3362" xml:space="preserve">qua di-
                <lb/>
              ctum eſt, aggeribus ſcilicet, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3363" xml:space="preserve">eriſmatis, uel anteridibus, ſperones dicunt, inter aggeres collocatis. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3364" xml:space="preserve">Agger
                <lb/>
              autem ſolidiſſimus eſſe debet, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3365" xml:space="preserve">ampliſsimus, ut in eo acies instructæ ad defendendum commode præterire poſ
                <lb/>
              ſint; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3366" xml:space="preserve">Murorum uerò extenſio extra teli iactum ſine propugnaculis non ſit: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3367" xml:space="preserve">ducentorum paſſuum eam longitudi-
                <lb/>
              nem præfiniunt: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3368" xml:space="preserve">propugnacula uerò aut altiori forma, aut depreſsiori forma quæſunt, caual
                <lb/>
              leros uocant, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3369" xml:space="preserve">Ealoardos, quæ uero#depreſsiori, planas formas dicunt. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3370" xml:space="preserve">efficiuntur autem planæ formæ
                <lb/>
              cum murorum cortinæ nimis extenduntur, nam indefenſæ cum ſint ob earum protenſionem, neceſſe eſt, ut la-
                <lb/>
              teribus fulciantur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3371" xml:space="preserve">Præſtant hoc interdum, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3372" xml:space="preserve">portæ ipſæ de quibus ca præcepta obſeruandaſunt, ut ita col-
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.068-04" xlink:href="note-514.01.068-04a" xml:space="preserve">40</note>
              locentur, ut itiner ad eas directa non ſint, ut tutiores parte exteriori fabricentur, ut cortinam protegant, mt
                <lb/>
              cuſtodes ibi commode manere poſſint, ut potibus mobilibus, leuatores appellant, muniantur, ante pontes autẽ
                <lb/>
              directæ ſudes, ſublicæq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3373" xml:space="preserve">acutiſſimæ eriguntur, rastra ſeu reſtella dicunt, ne tam facile aditus ad portas patere
                <lb/>
              poſſis. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3374" xml:space="preserve">Auſteritatem quandam forma earum præferre debet; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3375" xml:space="preserve">Sed nos ad propugnacula. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3376" xml:space="preserve">Antiquiturribus ute
                <lb/>
              bantur angulis multiplicibus, uel circulari forma constructis. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3377" xml:space="preserve">Noſtrorum uſus alius eſt. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3378" xml:space="preserve">Triangularem formam
                <lb/>
              probaucrunt, in angulis autem murorum eacollocant, tum ut lateribns opem, hoſtibus damnum inferant. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3379" xml:space="preserve">Dupli-
                <lb/>
              ci platea conſtruuntur, inferiori ſcilicet, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3380" xml:space="preserve">ſuperiori. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3381" xml:space="preserve">Superior ideo fit, ut armati homines, qui repugnat com
                <lb/>
              mode ſtare poſſint, ut machinæ, quibus host
                <unsure/>
              es propelluntur, ſuis locis collocentur, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3382" xml:space="preserve">icturetrocedentes ſine of-
                <lb/>
              fenſione recurrant. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3383" xml:space="preserve">inferior autem platea multa habet commoda pro militibus, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3384" xml:space="preserve">deefenſoribus, rebusq́;</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3385" xml:space="preserve">, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3386" xml:space="preserve">
                <lb/>
              munitionibus inuenta, ubi etiam planius aliqua tormenta ponuntur, quæ hoſtes muris proximos, cum foſſas occu
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.068-05" xlink:href="note-514.01.068-05a" xml:space="preserve">50</note>
              pauerint, a ſcalis deijciant. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3387" xml:space="preserve">Formam propugnaculi amplam fecimus ut facile intelligatur, partemq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3388" xml:space="preserve">inferiorem
                <lb/>
              a ſuperiori distinximus, itaut ſuperpoſita pagella ſuperiorem plateam deſignet, ſubiecta uerò inferiorem, in qua
                <lb/>
              uias, ſcalas, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3389" xml:space="preserve">loca difpoſita uides, menſurasq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3390" xml:space="preserve">optime dist
                <unsure/>
              ributas: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3391" xml:space="preserve">oportet autem latera tuta eſſe. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3392" xml:space="preserve">hinc fit, ut
                <lb/>
              & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3393" xml:space="preserve">muri propugnacula, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3394" xml:space="preserve">propugnacula muros defendant: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3395" xml:space="preserve">ictus enim qui per directas lineas deſcripti ſunt,
                <lb/>
              oftendunt mutuam propugnaculorum & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3396" xml:space="preserve">murorum defenſionem, Muri carſsitudo pedum octo. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3397" xml:space="preserve">Anteridum in-
                <lb/>
              terualla pedum decem. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3398" xml:space="preserve">Aggeris craſsitudo pedum ſexaginta. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3399" xml:space="preserve">Platea ſuperior propugnaculi L.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3400" xml:space="preserve">pedum centum& </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3401" xml:space="preserve">
                <lb/>
              quindecim, hæc autem ſupra inferiorem alta eſt pedes ſexdecim, nam inferior ſupra alueum foſſæ alta eſt pedes
                <lb/>
              decem & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3402" xml:space="preserve">ſeptem, Cruce iutem nia ſubterranea ſignificatur lata pedes decem, Litera M. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3403" xml:space="preserve">oſtendit ibieſſe loca mu-
                <lb/>
              nitionum. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3404" xml:space="preserve">S. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3405" xml:space="preserve">uerò ſealas per dquas deorſum itur, ut circum propugnaculum contra ſuffoſſiones, quas mi-
                <lb/>
              nas dicunt, milites eant. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3406" xml:space="preserve">O.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3407" xml:space="preserve">uerò Risnt itinera lata pedes 1 2. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3408" xml:space="preserve">ad plateas inferiores, quarum longitudo pedũ octua
                <lb/>
              ginta, latita do uero quinquaginta, ubi collcantur machinæ, Orecchione uocant quorum munus eſt hoſtes pro-
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.068-06" xlink:href="note-514.01.068-06a" xml:space="preserve">60</note>
              </s>
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