1they broke one that was only half wrought.
Beſides that by this means they had the Ad
vantage of doing their Work at different Times,
according to the different Seaſons which are re
quiſite for building the Wall, and for cloathing
and poliſhing it. There are two Sorts of falſe
Apertures: One is that where the Columns or
Pilaſters are ſo joined to the Wall, that one Part
of them is hid within it, and only Part of them
appears; the other is that wherein the whole
Columns ſtand out of the Wall, ſomewhat
imitating a Portico. The former therefore we
may call the low Relieve, and the latter the
whole Relieve. In the low Relieve we may uſe
either half Columns or Pilaſters. The half
Columns muſt never ſtand more nor leſs out of
the Wall than one half of their Diameter. Pi
laſter, never more than one fourth Part of its
Breadth, nor leſs than a ſixth. In the whole
Relieve the Columns muſt never ſtand out
from the Naked of the Wall more than with
their whole Baſe and one fourth Part of the
Breadth of their Baſe; and never leſs than with
their whole Baſe and Shaſt ſtanding out clear
from the Wall. But thoſe which ſtand out
from the Wall with their whole Baſe and one
fourth Part more muſt have their Pilaſters of
the low Relieve, fixed againſt the Wall to an
ſwer to them. In the whole Relieve the En
tablature muſt not run all along the Wall but
be broke and project over the Head of each
Column, as you may ſee in Plate 19. No. 4.
But in the half Relieve you may do as you
think fit, either carrying on your Entablature
entire all the Length of the Wall, or breaking
it over each Pilaſter with a Sweep, after the
Manner of the whole Relieve. We have now
treated of thoſe Ornaments wherein all Build
ings agree: But of thoſe wherein they differ,
we ſhall ſpeak in the following Book, this be
ing already long enough. But as in this we
undertook to treat of every Thing relating to
Ornaments in general, we ſhall not paſs by any
Thing that may be ſerviceable under this Head.
Beſides that by this means they had the Ad
vantage of doing their Work at different Times,
according to the different Seaſons which are re
quiſite for building the Wall, and for cloathing
and poliſhing it. There are two Sorts of falſe
Apertures: One is that where the Columns or
Pilaſters are ſo joined to the Wall, that one Part
of them is hid within it, and only Part of them
appears; the other is that wherein the whole
Columns ſtand out of the Wall, ſomewhat
imitating a Portico. The former therefore we
may call the low Relieve, and the latter the
whole Relieve. In the low Relieve we may uſe
either half Columns or Pilaſters. The half
Columns muſt never ſtand more nor leſs out of
the Wall than one half of their Diameter. Pi
laſter, never more than one fourth Part of its
Breadth, nor leſs than a ſixth. In the whole
Relieve the Columns muſt never ſtand out
from the Naked of the Wall more than with
their whole Baſe and one fourth Part of the
Breadth of their Baſe; and never leſs than with
their whole Baſe and Shaſt ſtanding out clear
from the Wall. But thoſe which ſtand out
from the Wall with their whole Baſe and one
fourth Part more muſt have their Pilaſters of
the low Relieve, fixed againſt the Wall to an
ſwer to them. In the whole Relieve the En
tablature muſt not run all along the Wall but
be broke and project over the Head of each
Column, as you may ſee in Plate 19. No. 4.
But in the half Relieve you may do as you
think fit, either carrying on your Entablature
entire all the Length of the Wall, or breaking
it over each Pilaſter with a Sweep, after the
Manner of the whole Relieve. We have now
treated of thoſe Ornaments wherein all Build
ings agree: But of thoſe wherein they differ,
we ſhall ſpeak in the following Book, this be
ing already long enough. But as in this we
undertook to treat of every Thing relating to
Ornaments in general, we ſhall not paſs by any
Thing that may be ſerviceable under this Head.
*
CHAP. XIII.
Of Columns and their Ornaments, their Plans, Axes, Out-lines, Sweeps, Di
minutions, Swells, Aſtragals and Fillets.
minutions, Swells, Aſtragals and Fillets.
The principal Ornament in all Archi
tecture certainly lies in Columns; for
many of them ſet together embelliſh Porticoes,
Walls and all Manner of Apertures, and even
a ſingle one is handſome, and adorns the Meet
ing of ſeveral Streets, a Theatre, an open
Square, ſerves for ſetting up Trophies, and pre
ſerving the Memory of great Events, and is ſo
Beautiful and Noble that it is almoſt incredible
what Expence the Ancients uſed to beſtow in
ſingle Pillars, which they looked upon as a very
ſtately Ornament: For oſtentimes, not being
content with making them of Parian, Nu
midian or other fine Marbles, they would alſo
have them carved with Figures and Hiſtories
by the moſt excellent Sculptors; and of ſuch
Columns as theſe we are told there were above
an Hundred and Twenty in the Temple of
Diana at Epheſus. Others made their Capi
tals and Baſes of gilt Braſs, as we may ſee in
the double Portico at Rome, which was built
in the Conſulſhip of that Octavius who tri
umphed over Perſeus. Some made their whole
Columns of Braſs, and others plated them all
over with Silver; but we ſhall not dwell upon
ſuch Things as thoſe. Columns muſt be ex
actly round and perfectly ſmooth. We read
that one Theodorus and one Tholus, Architects
of Lemnos, contrived certain Wheels in their
Workhouſes, wherein they hung their Columns
with ſo nice a Poiſe, that they could be turned
about by a little Boy, and ſo poliſhed ſmooth.
But this is a Greek Story. We ſhall proceed
to ſomething more material. In all Columns
we may conſider two long Lines in the Shaft;
one we may call the Axis of the Shaft, and the
other the Out-lines; the ſhort Lines that we
are to conſider are the ſeveral Diameters of
thoſe Circles which in different Places gird the
Column about; and of thoſe Circles, the prin
cipal are the two Superficies; one at the Top
and the other at the Bottom of the Shaft. The
Axis of the Shaft is a Line drawn through the
very Center of the Column from the Center of
the Circle which forms the flat Superficies at
the Top, to the Center of the Circle which is
the flat Superficies at the Bottom, and this
Line may be alſo called the Perpendicular in
the Middle of the Column. In this Line meet
the Centers of all the Circles. But the out Line
is one drawn from the Sweep of the Fillet at
the Top along the Surface of the Column to
tecture certainly lies in Columns; for
many of them ſet together embelliſh Porticoes,
Walls and all Manner of Apertures, and even
a ſingle one is handſome, and adorns the Meet
ing of ſeveral Streets, a Theatre, an open
Square, ſerves for ſetting up Trophies, and pre
ſerving the Memory of great Events, and is ſo
Beautiful and Noble that it is almoſt incredible
what Expence the Ancients uſed to beſtow in
ſingle Pillars, which they looked upon as a very
ſtately Ornament: For oſtentimes, not being
content with making them of Parian, Nu
midian or other fine Marbles, they would alſo
have them carved with Figures and Hiſtories
by the moſt excellent Sculptors; and of ſuch
Columns as theſe we are told there were above
an Hundred and Twenty in the Temple of
Diana at Epheſus. Others made their Capi
tals and Baſes of gilt Braſs, as we may ſee in
the double Portico at Rome, which was built
in the Conſulſhip of that Octavius who tri
umphed over Perſeus. Some made their whole
Columns of Braſs, and others plated them all
over with Silver; but we ſhall not dwell upon
ſuch Things as thoſe. Columns muſt be ex
actly round and perfectly ſmooth. We read
that one Theodorus and one Tholus, Architects
of Lemnos, contrived certain Wheels in their
Workhouſes, wherein they hung their Columns
with ſo nice a Poiſe, that they could be turned
about by a little Boy, and ſo poliſhed ſmooth.
But this is a Greek Story. We ſhall proceed
to ſomething more material. In all Columns
we may conſider two long Lines in the Shaft;
one we may call the Axis of the Shaft, and the
other the Out-lines; the ſhort Lines that we
are to conſider are the ſeveral Diameters of
thoſe Circles which in different Places gird the
Column about; and of thoſe Circles, the prin
cipal are the two Superficies; one at the Top
and the other at the Bottom of the Shaft. The
Axis of the Shaft is a Line drawn through the
very Center of the Column from the Center of
the Circle which forms the flat Superficies at
the Top, to the Center of the Circle which is
the flat Superficies at the Bottom, and this
Line may be alſo called the Perpendicular in
the Middle of the Column. In this Line meet
the Centers of all the Circles. But the out Line
is one drawn from the Sweep of the Fillet at
the Top along the Surface of the Column to