Alberti, Leone Battista, Architecture, 1755

Table of figures

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            <p type="main">
              <s>
                <pb xlink:href="003/01/066.jpg" pagenum="52"/>
              with Oil, it grows pale; waſh'd with Red
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              Wine, it turns of a dirty brown; with Water,
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              kept ſome time in Cheſſnut-wood, it changes
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              quite thro' to black, and is ſo totally ſtain'd,
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              that no ſcraping will fetch out the Spots. </s>
              <s>For
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              this Reaſon the Ancients uſed Marble in their
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              Works naked, and if poſſible without the
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              leaſt Mortar: But of theſe hereafter.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="head">
              <s>CHAP. X.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="head">
              <s>
                <emph type="italics"/>
              Of the true Manner of Working the Wall, and of the Agreement there is be­
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              tween Stone and Sand.
                <emph.end type="italics"/>
              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s>Now as it is the Buſineſs of an expert
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              Workman, not ſo much to make
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              Choice of the fitteſt Materials, as to put thoſe
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              which he is ſupplied with to the beſt and
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              propereſt Uſes; we will proceed on our Sub­
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              ject in this Manner. </s>
              <s>Lime is well burnt, when
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              after it has been water'd, and the Heat gone
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              out of it, it riſes up like the Froth of Milk,
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              and ſwells all the Clods. </s>
              <s>Its not having been
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              long enough ſoak'd you may know by the little
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              Stones you will find in it when you mix the
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              Sand with it. </s>
              <s>If you put too much Sand to it,
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              it will be too ſharp to cement well; if you
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              put leſs than its Nature and Strength requires,
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              it will be as ſtiff as Glue, and is not to be
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              managed. </s>
              <s>Such as is not thoroughly ſoak'd,
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              or that is weaker upon any other Account,
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              may be uſed with leſs Danger in the Foundation
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              than in the Wall, and in the Stuffing than in
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              Shells. </s>
              <s>But the Corners, the Ribs, and the
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              Band-ſtones muſt be entirely free from Mortar
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              that has the leaſt Defect; and Arches eſpeci­
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              ally require the very beſt of all. </s>
              <s>The Corners,
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              and Ribs, and the Band-ſtones, and Cornices
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              require the fineſt, ſmalleſt and cleareſt Sand,
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              particularly when they are built of poliſhed
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              Stone. </s>
              <s>The Stuffing may be done with
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              coarſer Stone.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s>STONE in its Nature dry and thirſty, agrees
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              not ill with River-ſand. </s>
              <s>Stone in its Nature
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              moiſt and watery, delights in Pit-ſand. </s>
              <s>I
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              would not have Sea-ſand uſed towards the
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              South; it may perhaps do better againſt the
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              Northern Winds. </s>
              <s>For ſmall Stones, a thick
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              lean Mortar is beſt; to a dry exhauſted Stone,
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              we ſhould uſe a fat Sort; though the Ancients
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              were of Opinion that in all Parts of the Walls
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              the fattiſh Sort is more tenacious than the lean.
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              </s>
              <s>Great Stones they always lay upon a very ſoft
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              fluid Mortar, ſo that it rather ſeems deſign'd
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              to lubricate and make the Bed they are laid
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              upon ſlippery, to the Intent, that while they
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              are fixing in their Places they may be eaſy to
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              move with the Hand, then to cement and
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              faſten them together. </s>
              <s>But it is certainly proper
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              to lay a ſoft Stuff underneath in this Manner,
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              like a Pillow, to prevent the Stones, which
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              have a great Weight lying upon them, from
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              breaking. </s>
              <s>There are ſome, who obſerving
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              here and there in the Works of the Ancients,
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              large Stones, which where they join ſeem
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              dawb'd over with red Earth, imagine that the
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              Ancients uſed that inſtead of Mortar. </s>
              <s>I do
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              not think this probable, becauſe we never find
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              both Sides, but only one of them, ſmear'd
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              with this Sort of Stuff. </s>
              <s>There are ſome other
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              Rules concerning the Working of our Walls,
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              not to be neglected. </s>
              <s>We ought never to fall
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              upon our Work with a violent Haſte, heaping
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              one Stone upon another, in a Kind tumul­
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              tuousHurry, without the leaſt Reſpite: Neither
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              ought we, after we have began to build, to
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              delay it with a ſluggiſh Heavineſs, as if we had
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              no Stomach to what we are about; but we
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              ought to follow our Work with ſuch a reaſon­
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              able Diſpatch, that Speed and Conſideration
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              may appear to go Hand in Hand together.
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              </s>
              <s>Experienced Workmen forewarn us againſt
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              raiſing the Structure too high, before what we
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              have already done is thoroughly ſettled; be­
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              cauſe the Work, while it is freſh and ſoft, is
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              too weak and pliable to bear a Superſtructure.
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              </s>
              <s>We may take Example from the Swallows,
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              taught by Nature, which when they build
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              their Neſts, firſt dawb or glue over the Beams
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              which are to be the Foundation and Baſis of
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              their Edifice, and then are not too haſty to
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              lay the ſecond dawbing over this, but inter­
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              mit the Work till the firſt is ſufficiently dry'd;
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              after which they continue their Building reaſon­
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              ably and properly. </s>
              <s>They ſay the Mortar has
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              taken ſufficient hold when it puts forth a Kind
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              of Moſs or little Flower well known to Maſons.
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              </s>
              <s>At what Diſtances it is proper to reſpite the
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              we may gather from the Thickneſs of the
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              Wall itſelf, and from the Temperature of the </s>
            </p>
          </chap>
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