Cardano, Girolamo, De subtilitate, 1663

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    <archimedes>
      <text>
        <body>
          <chap>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.002008">
                <pb pagenum="401" xlink:href="016/01/050.jpg"/>
              decreſcat: huius poſtmodum aquæ percolatę,
                <lb/>
              libræ duæ vel quatuor halinitro dum cogi­
                <lb/>
              tur aqua feruente adduntur, eo tempore quo
                <lb/>
              vehementi æſtu ſpuma è cacabo exilire vi­
                <lb/>
              detur. </s>
              <s id="s.002009">Alius nobilior modus, ſed damnoſior.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002010">Vaſe ferreo halinitrum excipitur, vaſa fer­
                <lb/>
              reo etiam tegitur: admotis prunis adeò tor­
                <lb/>
              retur, donec liqueſcat: ſi non perfectè liqua­
                <lb/>
              tum fuerit, quod deprehenditur ſemoto teg­
                <lb/>
              mine adhuc repoſito tandiu ignibus vrgea­
                <lb/>
              tur, donec liqueſcat perfectè: pòſt tenuiſſimo
                <lb/>
              ſulphuris pulueris inſpergatur, qui ſi non
                <lb/>
              ſpontè accenditur, accendatur. </s>
              <s id="s.002011">Permittatur
                <lb/>
              igitur quidquid eſt pingue exurere, hoc enim
                <lb/>
              ſupernatat: inde amotum ab igne, fæce terrea
                <lb/>
              in fundo relicta, totum cogitur in candidi
                <lb/>
              marmoris ſpeciem. </s>
              <s id="s.002012">Palam igitur eſt, quic­
                <lb/>
              quid pingue eſt, celeri vſtioni reſiſtere: bitu­
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg210"/>
                <lb/>
              men ſalis aliquid continet, ob id magis ſuc­
                <lb/>
              cutit quam ſulphur purum. </s>
              <s id="s.002013">Succuſſio omnis
                <lb/>
              aliquid habet maius ſimplici ictu, vnde fit
                <lb/>
              vt quæ tremulo ictu percutiuntur, faciliùs
                <lb/>
              frangantur. </s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002014">
                <margin.target id="marg208"/>
              Cur halini­
                <lb/>
              trum maio­
                <lb/>
              rem ſtrepitum
                <lb/>
              ſulphuræ fa­
                <lb/>
              cit.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002015">
                <margin.target id="marg209"/>
              Halinitrire.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002016">purgatio.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002017">
                <margin.target id="marg210"/>
              Tremuli mo­
                <lb/>
              tus effectus.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.002018">Iam primum hoc experimenta docent. </s>
              <s id="s.002019">
                <expan abbr="Nã">Nam</expan>
                <lb/>
              ſi gladium perſico infigas, & illud ſuſpendas
                <lb/>
              manu,
                <expan abbr="baculóq;">baculóque</expan>
              percutias gladium,
                <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan>
              ſolùm
                <lb/>
              perſicum, ſed & nucleum leui ictu diuides:
                <lb/>
              hoc enim ſæpius expertus ſum. </s>
              <s id="s.002020">Quinetiam fe­
                <lb/>
              runt, crure bouis (oſſe ſcilicet) paleæ cumulo
                <lb/>
              ſuperimpoſito: inde oſſi ſuperpoſita ſecuri:
                <lb/>
              icta ſecuri faſciculo paleæ os ipſum confrin­
                <lb/>
              gi: quod verum eſſe etſi mirum ſit, conſtat
                <lb/>
              tamen tremulo ictu validiſſimam vim ineſſe.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002021">Quærendum igitur quam ob cauſam Ratio,
                <lb/>
              vt mihi videtur, altera harum eſt, vel ambæ.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002022">Prima, quod ſi tabulæ ſolidæ ſuperſtet quod
                <lb/>
              percutitur, reſiſtente tabula denſius redditur
                <lb/>
              quod percutitur, & pars ipſa quæ ictum ex­
                <lb/>
              cipit: quare ictui minimè cedit, denſum enim
                <lb/>
              quò denſius eſt, eò difficilius diuiditur: at ſi
                <lb/>
              molli ſtrato, vt lectulo, aut paleæ, aut nulli rei
                <lb/>
              penitus
                <expan abbr="incũbat">incumbat</expan>
              , non denſari poteſt, ſed de­
                <lb/>
              hiſcit
                <expan abbr="atq;">atque</expan>
              fatiſcit. </s>
              <s id="s.002023">Ob hoc quæ ſicca ſunt, ſic
                <lb/>
              faciliùs diuiduntur. </s>
              <s id="s.002024">Cauſa alia eſt, quòd in
                <lb/>
              tremulo ictu redit quod percutitur, nondum
                <lb/>
              finito priore ictu: quare ſi redire debet altero
                <lb/>
              ictu
                <expan abbr="manẽte">manente</expan>
              , quod percutitur omninò diuidi
                <lb/>
              neceſſe eſt. </s>
              <s id="s.002025">Ob id ſi longus ſit gladius, vehe­
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg211"/>
                <lb/>
                <expan abbr="mẽtius">mentius</expan>
              repercutitur &
                <expan abbr="cõgeminabitur">congeminabitur</expan>
              ictus,
                <lb/>
              quare faciliùs diuidetur. </s>
              <s id="s.002026">Quòd ſi latior ſit
                <lb/>
              gladius artificiosè formatus, & ictus in extre­
                <lb/>
              mo, vehementer repercutietur, quia multum
                <lb/>
              excipit aëre, ideóque duriſſima diuidet. </s>
              <s id="s.002027">Alia
                <lb/>
              ratione barbari gladios incuruos fingunt, in
                <lb/>
              quorum dorſo cauitas eſt, in quam argentum
                <lb/>
              viuum imponunt, quod dum iuxta capulum
                <lb/>
              ſubſidet, leuiſſimum enſem reddit: cum
                <expan abbr="deſ-cẽdit">deſ­
                  <lb/>
                cendit</expan>
              , grauitate ac celeritate adeò ictus adau­
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg212"/>
                <lb/>
              get, vt ſi acies firma ſit, arma diuidat. </s>
              <s id="s.002028">Neque
                <lb/>
              hoc enſis genere, ſi modò robur vtenti adſit,
                <lb/>
              & chalybs durus ac tenax, violentius quic­
                <lb/>
              quam ad hominum vſum poteſt excogitari.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002029">Inde ſerræ ratio deducta. </s>
              <s id="s.002030">Fit hæc, vt
                <expan abbr="cuiq;">cuique</expan>
              no­
                <lb/>
              tum eſt, alternatis dentibus. </s>
              <s id="s.002031">Diuidit
                <expan abbr="autẽ">autem</expan>
              hac
                <lb/>
              ratione:
                <expan abbr="nã">nam</expan>
              produci poſſunt
                <expan abbr="atq;">atque</expan>
              extendi quæ­
                <lb/>
              cunque rationem cognitam habent. </s>
              <s id="s.002032">In illa
                <lb/>
              igitur partes duæ ſunt, inanis & ſolida. </s>
              <s id="s.002033">Solida
                <lb/>
              inflecti ſolet. </s>
              <s id="s.002034">Duo igitur dubitatione digna
                <lb/>
              videntur: alterum, cur inane impetum addat:
                <lb/>
              reliquum, cur obliquitas ad celeritatem ſcin­
                <lb/>
              dendi multum conferat. </s>
              <s id="s.002035">Inde videbimus, cur
                <lb/>
              & quam longiores & tenuiores dentes, ac ra­
                <lb/>
              riores fiant:
                <expan abbr="quandoq;">quandoque</expan>
              autem craſſiores, ſpiſ­
                <lb/>
              ſiores, & breuiores, vt in lima: nam lima eſt
                <lb/>
              ſerra, breuibus frequentibus & obtuſioribus
                <lb/>
              dentibus prædita: vt ſerra lima eſt, longis, ra­
                <lb/>
              ris & acutis dentibus elaborata. </s>
              <s id="s.002036">
                <expan abbr="Atq;">Atque</expan>
              in vtro­
                <lb/>
              que genere eſt diſcrimen: nam ſerra ſerra eſt
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg213"/>
                <lb/>
              rarior & acutior, & lima lima dentes habet
                <lb/>
              magis obtuſos, frequentiores & breuiores.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002037">Simul etiam illud conſiderandum, an hæc ſe
                <lb/>
              conſequantur, ſcilicet gratia exempli, breues
                <lb/>
              & frequentes, & obtuſi dentes, an verò alia
                <lb/>
              alium finem habeant. </s>
              <s id="s.002038">Videntur igitur
                <expan abbr="primũ">primum</expan>
                <lb/>
              inanitatis illius tria eſſe commoda Primum,
                <lb/>
              quòd impetum acquirat caſu: nam aër (vt do­
                <lb/>
              cuimus (motum cit & adiuuat: fit enim caſus
                <lb/>
              per inane, & impetus augetur. </s>
              <s id="s.002039">Secundum,
                <lb/>
              quòd ferrum refrigeretur. </s>
              <s id="s.002040">Nam ferrum ſi
                <lb/>
              vndique claudatur, incaleſcit, dum incaleſ­
                <lb/>
              cit, molle redditur & flectitur,
                <expan abbr="vímq;">vímque</expan>
              totam
                <lb/>
              amittit. </s>
              <s id="s.002041">Tertium, quòd ea diuiſione dentes
                <lb/>
              obliqui fieri poſſunt. </s>
              <s id="s.002042">Quòd ſi integrum ma­
                <lb/>
              neat, nec obliquitas illa admitti poterit: nec
                <lb/>
              ſi admittatur, ad
                <expan abbr="vsũ">vsum</expan>
              perduci: & ſi perducatur,
                <lb/>
              manere nequeat. </s>
              <s id="s.002043">Obliquitatis verò duo ſunt
                <lb/>
              commoda: alterum, vt ſcobi puteat exitus, re­
                <lb/>
              liquum vt dentes faciliùs diducantur latiore
                <lb/>
              ſciſſura. </s>
              <s id="s.002044">Nam ſi ſciſſura latior ſit ob dentium
                <lb/>
              magnitudinem, attamen difficulter ſerra mo­
                <lb/>
              uebitur, ſciſſura arctè dentes amplectente.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002045">Eſt & aliud commodum, quòd non adeò ſer­
                <lb/>
              ra caleſcat. </s>
              <s id="s.002046">Vbi igitur molle eſt quod ſcindi­
                <lb/>
              tur, raris dentibus & acutis
                <expan abbr="longioribúſq;">longioribúſque</expan>
              ac
                <lb/>
              obliquis mult vtemur. </s>
              <s id="s.002047">Vbi prædurum
                <expan abbr="lignũ">lignum</expan>
              ,
                <lb/>
              ſerra breues habebit dentes,
                <expan abbr="minúſq;">minúſque</expan>
              acutos
                <lb/>
              tum frequentiores & minus obliquos. </s>
              <s id="s.002048">Si ve­
                <lb/>
              rò ferrum ſecare expediat, dentibus opus erit
                <lb/>
              craſſioribus ne rumpantur,
                <expan abbr="atq;">atque</expan>
              breuioribus
                <lb/>
              tum rectioribus. </s>
              <s id="s.002049">Sed quia tales exiguum opus
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg214"/>
                <lb/>
              ac ſerò perficiunt, frequentes efficimus. </s>
              <s id="s.002050">Et
                <lb/>
              hoc (vt dixi) genus ſerræ, lima vocatur. </s>
              <s id="s.002051">Magis
                <lb/>
              autem in chalybe hæc obſeruanda erunt.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002052">Grauitas etiam in his magis neceſſaria eſt.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002053">Leuitas in ſerra, nam in ea celeritatem quæ­
                <lb/>
              rimus. </s>
              <s id="s.002054">
                <expan abbr="Quæcunq;">Quæcunque</expan>
              igitur rara, longa, acuta,
                <lb/>
              obliqua, leuia, in mollibus meliora. </s>
              <s id="s.002055">Tot igi­
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg215"/>
                <lb/>
              tur
                <expan abbr="tantáq;">tantáque</expan>
              ſunt inanitatis & obliquitatis in
                <lb/>
              ſerris commoda. </s>
              <s id="s.002056">Sed in lima, cùm (vt dixi)
                <lb/>
              paruo labore ducatur, dentes ſecundum lati­
                <lb/>
              tudinem multiplices fecerunt. </s>
              <s id="s.002057">Sæpius enim
                <lb/>
              repetitum eſt, quæ breui finem aſſequuntur,
                <lb/>
              viribus maioribus indigere: quæ viribus in­
                <lb/>
              digent exiguis longius tempus expoſcere.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002058">Fiunt & in hoc genere limæ ſurdæ, quoniam
                <lb/>
              tenuiſſimæ, & aqua ſeparationis imbuuntur.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002059">Aqua ſectionem iuuat, & ſtrepitum minuit.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s id="s.002060">Verùm optimæ ex his forcipis formam refe­
                <lb/>
              runt: vix enim fieri poteſt, vt quæ liberè ſu­
                <lb/>
              perducitur ſtrepitum non edat. </s>
              <s id="s.002061">Aſtricta verò
                <lb/>
              hoc modo cum non ſubſiliat vel rodendo, vel
                <lb/>
              incidendo
                <expan abbr="abſq;">abſque</expan>
              ſtrepitu ſecat. </s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002062">
                <margin.target id="marg211"/>
              Gladij ar­
                <lb/>
              ma diuiden­
                <lb/>
              tis conſtru­
                <lb/>
              ctio.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002063">
                <margin.target id="marg212"/>
                <figure id="id.016.01.050.1.jpg" xlink:href="016/01/050/1.jpg" number="29"/>
              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002064">
                <margin.target id="marg213"/>
              Serræ ratio</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002065">
                <margin.target id="marg214"/>
              Limæ ratio.</s>
            </p>
            <p type="margin">
              <s id="s.002066">
                <margin.target id="marg215"/>
                <figure id="id.016.01.050.2.jpg" xlink:href="016/01/050/2.jpg" number="30"/>
              </s>
            </p>
            <p type="main">
              <s id="s.002067">Sed iam ad terræmotus ſigna redeo,
                <lb/>
                <arrow.to.target n="marg216"/>
                <lb/>
              quandoquidem cáuſas & ſpecies explicaſ­
                <lb/>
              ſe memini. </s>
              <s id="s.002068">Cum aquæ puteorum ſulphur
                <lb/>
              metallicumve aliud quid redolent, aut titu­
                <lb/>
              bant, aut turbantur, aut incaleſcunt, aut ſic­
                <lb/>
              cantur præter rationem, terræmotum im­
                <lb/>
              minere prænuntiat. </s>
              <s id="s.002069">Sic feruntur Ana­
                <lb/>
              ximander ac Pherecydes motum terræ </s>
            </p>
          </chap>
        </body>
      </text>
    </archimedes>
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