Castelli, Benedetto, Of the mensuration of running waters, 1661

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              <s>The firſt is, that although I dare not ſubſcribe to the opinion
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              of thoſe that require 16. inches Declivity in a mile to
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              Reno,
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              to
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              prevent its depoſing of Mud; yet would I not be the Author that
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              ſhould make a trial of it with ſo much hazard, for having to ſa­
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              tisfie my ſelf in ſome particulars cauſed a Level to be taken of
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              the Rivers
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              L'amone, Senio,
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              and
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              Santerno,
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              by
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              Bernardino Aleotti,
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              we found that they have more Declivity by much than Artiſts re­
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              quire, as alſo the
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              Reno
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              hath from
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              la Botta de Ghiſlieri
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              to the
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              Chappel of
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              Vigarano,
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              for in the ſpace of four miles its Bottom­
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              Line falleth five feet and five inches. </s>
              <s>So that I hold it greater
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              prudence to depend upon that example, than to go contrary to a
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              common opinion, eſpecially ſince, that the effects cauſed by
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              Reno
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              it ſelf do confirm me in the ſame, for when it was forſaken by
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              the P
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              o,
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              after a few years, either becauſe it had choaked up its
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              Chanel with Sand, or becauſe its too long journey did increaſe
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              it, it alſo naturally turned aſide, and took the way of the ſaid
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              P
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              o
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              towards
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              Stellata.
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              Nay, in thoſe very years that it did run that
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              way, it only began (as relations ſay) to make Breaches, an evi­
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              dent ſign that it doth depoſe Sand, and raiſe its Bed; which a­
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              greeth with the teſtimony of ſome that were examined in the
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                <emph type="italics"/>
              Viſitation
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              of the Publique Notary, who found great benefit by
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              having Running Water, and ſome kind of paſſage for Boats,
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              and yet nevertheleſs affirm that it for want of Running Water
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              had made too high Stoppages and Shelfes of Sand; ſo that if
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              it ſhould be reſtored to the Courſe that it forſook, I much fear
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              that after a ſhort time, if not ſuddenly, it would leave it a­
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              again.</s>
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              <s>The ſecond I take from the obſervation of what happened to
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                <emph type="italics"/>
              Panaro,
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              when with ſo great applauſe of the
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              Ferareſi,
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              it was
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              brought by Cardinal
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              Serra
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              into the ſaid Chanel of
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              Volana
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              ; for
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              that notwithſtanding that it had Running Waters in much grea­
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              ter abundance than
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              Reno
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              ; yet in the time that it continued in
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              that Chanel it raiſed its Bed well neer five feet, as is to be ſeen
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              below the Sluice made by Cardinal
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              Capponi
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              to his new Chanel;
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              yea, the ſaid Cardinal
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              Serra
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              who deſired that this his under taking
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              ſhould appear to have been of no danger nor damage, was con­
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              ſtrained at its Overflowings, to give it Vent into
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              Sanmartina,
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              that
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              it might not break in upon, and prejudice the City; which dan­
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              ger I ſhould more fear from
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              Reno,
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              in regard it carrieth a greater
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              abundance of Water and Sand</s>
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              <s>Thirdly, I am much troubled (in the uncertainty of the ſuc­
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              ceſs of the affair) at the great expence thereto required; For in
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              regard I do not approve of letting it in, neer to the Fortreſſe,
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              for many reſpects, and carrying it by
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              la Torre del Fondo
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              to the
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              Month
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              de Maſt,
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              it will take up eight miles of double Banks, a </s>
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