Castelli, Benedetto, Of the mensuration of running waters, 1661

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              <s>
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              heaps of ſand, carrying them by the tide; and force of the waves
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              into the Lake; it not having on its part any ſttength of current
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              that may raiſe and carry them away, they ſink to the bottom, and
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              ſo they choke up the Ports. </s>
              <s>And that this effect happeneth in
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              this manner, we have moſt frequent experiences thereof along the
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              Sea-coaſts: And I have obſerved in
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              Tuſcany
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              on the
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              Roman­
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              ſhores,
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              and in the Kingdom of of
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              Naples,
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              that when a river fal­
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              leth into the Sea, there is alwaies ſeen in the Sea it ſelf, at the place
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              of the rivets out-let, the reſemblance, as it were, of an half-Moon,
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              or a great ſhelf of ſettled ſand under water, much higher then the
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              reſt of the ſhore, and it is called in
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              Tuſcany, il Cavallo
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              ; and here
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              in
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              Venice, lo Scanto
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              : the which cometh to be cut by the current
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              of the river, one while on the right ſide, another while on the
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              left, and ſometimes in the midſt, according as the Wind fits. </s>
              <s>And
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              a like effect I have obſerved in certain little Rillets of water,
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              along the Lake of
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              Bolſena
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              ; with no other difference, ſave that of
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              ſmall and great.</s>
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              <s>Now whoſo well conſidereth this effect, plainly ſeeth that it
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              proceeds from no other, than from the contrariety of the ſtream
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              of the River, to the
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              impetus
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              of the Sea waves; ſeeing that
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              great abundance of ſand which the Sea continually throws upon
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              the ſhore, cometh to be driven into the Sea by the ſtream of the
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              river; and in that place where thoſe two impediments meet
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              with equal force, the ſand ſetleth under water, and thereupon is
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              made that ſame Shelf or
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              Cavallo
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              ; the which if the river carry
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              water, and that any conſiderable ſtore, it ſhall be thereby cut
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              and broken; one while in one place, and another while in ano­
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              ther; as hath been ſaid, according as the Wind blows: And
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              through that Chanel it is that Veſſels fall down into the Sea, and
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              again make to the river, as into a Port. </s>
              <s>But if the Water of
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              the river ſhall not be continual or ſhall be weak, in that caſe the
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              force of the Sea-Wind ſhall drive ſuch a quantity of ſand into
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              the mouth of the Port, and of the river, as ſhall wholly choak it
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              up. </s>
              <s>And hereupon there are ſeen along the Sea-ſide, very many
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              Lakes and Meers, which at certain times of the year abound with
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              waters, and the Lakes bear down that encloſure, and run into
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              the Sea.</s>
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              <s>Now it is neceſſary to make the like reflections on our Ports
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              of
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              Venice, Malamocco, Bondolo,
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              and
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              Chiozza
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              ; which in a certain
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              ſenſe are no other than Creeks, mouths, and openings of the ſhore
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              that parts the Lake from the main Sea; and therefore I hold that
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              if the Waters in the Lake were plentiful, they would have
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              ſtrength to ſcowr the mouths of the Ports thorowly, & with great
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              force; but the Water in the Lake failing, the Sea will with­
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              out any oppoſal, bring ſuch a drift of ſand into the Ports; that if </s>
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